Umbhali:
(1) Filipo Sharevski, I-DePaul University;
(2) Benjamin Kessell, I-DePaul University.
Authors:
(1) Filipo Sharevski, I-DePaul University;
(2) Benjamin Kessell, I-DePaul University.
Umbala we-Left
2 I-Internet Activism ne-Social Media
3 I-Internet Activism kanye ne-misinformation
3.1 I-Grassroots Misinformation Operations
3.2 I-Mainstream Misinformation Operations
4 I-Hacktivism ne-Misinformation
4.1 Imibuzo yezifundo kanye ne-4.2 Isampula
4.3 Izindlela kanye nezixhumanisi
I-5 I-Disinformation Conceptualization kanye ne-5.1 I-Anti-Disinformation
5.2 I-Mental Models ye-Misinformation
6 Ukuphendula Ukuphendula kwe-Disinformation kanye ne-6.1 Leaking, Doxing, and Deplatforming
I-7.1 I-Misinformation Evolution kanye ne-Contra-Misinformation Tactics
8 Ukuxhumana
8.3 Izinzuzo kanye 8.4 Ukusebenza Kwangathi
abstract
Kule isifundo, thina ubhalisele 22 hacktivists emangalisayo ukuze ufunde ukwelashwa yabo ekwandeni ukwandiswa kwe-desinformation ku-social media. Sinikeze ukuthi akuyona akuyona ukwelashwa okuhlobene kwe-trolling kanye ne-meme ngenxa yokufinyelela kwezinkinga zopolitiki (u-counter) kanye nokulethwa kwezimpendulo. Ngokungafani ne-ethos yokuqala ye-hacker, i-desinformation ibonwe njenge-threat to the democratic vision of the Internet, futhi njenge-ke, kufanele lihlobene emhlane ne-hacktivist's methods asebenzayo, njenge-deplatforming the "misinformers" and doxing or leaking data on their funding and recruitment. I-major
1 Ukulinganisa
Ukubonisa kwe-hacker culture ku-Steven Levy emkhakheni yakhe e1984 I-Hacker ngokuvamile lihlanganisa kakhulu ekubuyiselwa ukubukeka kwe-hackers ngokuvamile kwabasebudlelwane [43, 65]. Ukuguqulwa kwe-Robin Hood-style activists eziholela ukubukeka kwe-democratic ye-Internet [97], i-Levy ibonise ukuthi i-ethos ye-hacker ibonise izicelo eziningana ze-sacrosanct ze-goods yabasebudlelwane, ikakhulukazi ukuthi (i) yonke ulwazi kufanele lihlale khulula, futhi (ii) amandla kufanele lithathwe nokukhuthazwa [65].
Izikhangibavakashi ze-Internet ezidlulile i-tendence ye-ideological ye-autonomy e-cyberspace kuya ku-visio ye-Internet njengezindawo ye-popular ye-sharing ye-akhawunti ye-imeyili enokutholwe ngokufanayo ne-armed against the neoliberal elites responsible for economic and social disorder [37]. Ukuguqulwa kwe-internet activism into a form of social-political resistance online [58], ivumela i-selection ye-functional issues that no longer required a long preparation [74]. Lokhu, ngokuvamile, kuholele ku-convergence and coordination of activities in response to the issues of interest that, ngexesha elidlulile, zilungele ngokubanzi nge-media coverage [47].
I-aktivism ye-Internet, ngokuvamile, i-bifurcated kuma-campaigns e-intanethi ezihlangene ne-protection of the Internet as a relatively unregulated and unowned space (isib. I-Anonymous, i-WikiLeaks, i-Snowden [21, 114, 116]) kanye ne-campaigns e-intanethi ezihlangene ne-protection of human rights and the environment (isib. I-Occupy movement, i-Arab Spring, i-Pirate Party [59, 80]). I-activism ephambili - noma i-hacktivism - ikakhulu i-anonymous, eyenziwe ngegciwane, futhi isebenza ne-impunity eyodwa ukuthi i-Technology ye-Internet ibonakalise kuze kube manje [117]. I-activ
I-hashtag activism ikhaya isetshenziswe ubuchwepheshe ezihlukahlukene ze-Internet njenge-website ye-petition (isib. MoveOn.org yokuhlanganisa ama-protests zopolitical) noma ukuxhumana kwe-imeyili (isib. I-Campagne ye-Tea Party yokunciphisa izimali kanye nokushintshwa komphakathi) [16], kodwa ukubuka kwamasayithi ze-social media njenge-Twitter, i-Facebook, ne-YouTube kwenziwa ngokushesha ukuxhumana kanye nokudlala ekuphileni kwe-socio-political (isib. I-#BlackLivesMatter ne-#SchoolStrike4Climate izintambo [34]). Nangona ukuxhaswa okwesifiso kumadivayisi asebenzayo kumadivayisi asebenzayo
I-Hacktivists, ngokuphathelene, zihlanganisa izindlela ezahlukile ze-Internet ezifana nokushintshwa kwebhizinisi ze-websites [98], ukuhlangabezana izinhlelo ukuze "ukushintshwa" kanye "ukushintshwa" izinhlelo zebhizinisi [114, 118], kanye nezinhlelo zokushintshwa nge-Denial-of-Service (DOS) [81]. Ukushintshwa kwe-Hacktivists ku-social media zihlanganisa lezi zokusebenza njengokushintshwa zokushintshwa kwebhizinisi ze-social media (isib. Ukushintshwa kwe-Anonymous #OpKKK [128]), ukuhlangabezana abantu e-Twitter (isib. Abaculi eCovington High School [70]), kanye
Ngaphandle kokuphumelela kwe-social media ngenxa ye-operations ezijolisayo, i-hacktivism kwangaphakathi kwama-mainstream platforms ngemva kokuphumelela emaphandleni amakhulu nge-legal authorities of the leading hacktivists [53, 124]. I-hacktivism emangalisayo yenza i-vacuum lapho engaba akuyona ngokuvamile ama-elites, ukhusela izinga lokuphumelela, kanye nokuvumela i-visio ye-democratic social media participation. Kuyatholakala isikhathi esincane, ngempumelelo, ukuze lokhu isikhwama kubhalwe yi-state-sponsored actors ekhipha i-hacktivism yokuphumelela i-playbook yokuphumelela kokuphumelela kokuphumelela kokuphumelela kokuphumelela kokuph
Ngokuphendula kwama-disruption emikhulu ku-social media turf, ingatholakala ukuthi ama-hacktivists izivakasha kanye nokuthintela, ukunikela, noma ukuguqulwa kwe-hack ye-state-sponsored “trolls” [135]. I-disinformation, ngokuvumelana nokuvamile we-Levy’s ye-ethics ye-hacker [65], isebenza ngokuvumelana ne (i) zonke i-information kufuneka i-free postulate ngoba ivimbele isisombululo esisodwa se-information njengomphakathi (ie-truth and facts do not diminish in supply as more people “consume” them and truth and facts are available to all people in a society) [31]. I-disinformation is a counter to the (ii) authority should be
Ukungabikho kokuphendula kwebhizinisi ye-hacktivist ku-social media kubangelwa kwangaphambili kakhulu futhi, ngokuvamile nathi, ibhizinisi elithakazelisayo yokufunda ngokuphendula nge-"hackers" ezivamile ezisebenza ngokuvumelana ne-Levy's Code of Ethics [65]. Nge-connections Personal kanye ne-snowballing sampling, sinikeza ama-hacktivist amabili angu-22 emangalisayo futhi ibhizinisi angu-amunithi angu-amunithi angu-amunithi angu-at least hourly to learn their approach to the disinformation ecosystem, on responses to falsehoods on social media, and the way disinformation impacts and shapes the hacktivists' agenda in the future
Ukuze kusetshenzise isifundo yethu ekubeni phakathi kokuphumelela kwe-hacktivist counter-culture kanye nokukhula kwe-desinformation ku-platforms, sincoma ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-internet activism, i-social media, ne-false information ku-Section 2. Thola ku-Section 3 ku-context enhle ye-desinformation ukuze ukukhuthaze ingozi okuphumelela yokuphumelela ukuze uthole indawo ye-social media enhle ku-Levy's vision ye-Internet njenge-exchange ye-information yobumfihlo. Ku-Section 4, sincoma design yethu yama-research kanye ne-methodology. I-Section 5, i-6, ne-7, ukwandisa iziphumo zethu futhi sincoma imiphumela ye-hackers ye-social media disinformation ku
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