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Unlike the inert corporations that take a long time to approve and implement any processes, startups enjoy unique opportunities to make their product global and quickly enter any market. Startups are more flexible, and they adapt to any audience quicker. The important thing is to know what you’ll need at the start of scaling your businesses. Let me share three important lessons that I’ve learned from my experience of working with 147 countries. Universal UI/UX is not a myth Entering global markets is difficult because your product must be liked by everyone, therefore you should keep your product’s potential markets in mind right from the start. First, organize focus groups. This is precisely what we did: we used Upwork to contact 10 marketing professionals from different countries (Spain, United States, UK, and so on), tested the interface with them prior to the launch, and recorded all their comments. There were some differences, of course, but we gleaned some common insights as well. Using these insights, we adapted the interface to find a common denominator while keeping the cross-cultural differences in mind. Such tests are important because if you make an app for the U.S. market, it may prove to be not user-friendly for the European one. For the Asian or Arabic market, such an interface might end up being completely baffling. Quantifying Visual Preferences Around the World does a great job demonstrating in full detail how different countries vary in their preferences for the visuals and the color scheme. There are cultural sensitivities to keep in mind as well (such as the different interpretations of the same gesture), so you really need to study every market in detail to find ways to avoid any potential troubles. research Creating a product that will be equally liked in the U.S., England, and Australia is practically impossible. The users’ mentality in each of the countries has pretty much been set in stone, while your startup is only now appearing on the international market. This is why everyone looks up to Airbnb, Bolt, and Uber as the most successful case studies. Second, use the design patterns that follow certain established rules. For example, a link must always be underlined, and in any country, the user will know that they must tap there to open a page in a new window. Settings are always located in the top right corner, so don’t move that item down just because you want to – the new users are unlikely to find it, because there are straightforward navigation patterns that are already in place. There are growth opportunities in all 195 countries Don’t limit yourself to the United States as your only market. Even if you want to become Silicon Valley’s best-known startup, there are different ways of getting there. Looking for your entry point, consider all the countries and winnow the list down using your personal criteria. Look at the market size and the size of your specific segment, look at the audience. Personally, we discovered the Spanish-speaking market as our growth and reference point that we used to scale our business. And we were based out of Estonia, which was named the best country for startups in 2018. Choose the markets that fit your criteria and begin to test the process of building an audience. Thanks to Facebook and its targeting capabilities, such things can be done almost free of charge. Don’t create an MVP for each market. We set up targeted advertising in 15 different countries at once and got very different results. In the US, for example, the cost of customer acquisition was very high, and in India, we got excellent feedback and cost of registration, but the rate of conversion to paying users was low. In the end, we chose the Spanish-speaking market. Don’t be afraid to hire local consultants who know everything about the market to help you choose which ones to test. They will give you pointers that you wouldn’t find on your own: for example, in India, everyone uses local services and it’s very important to enable local payment systems. And this is more of a cultural issue than a matter of preference. Or the fact that WhatsApp is Mexico’s most popular messenger. You can find this information on your own, but first, you need to know what to look for, and second, you’ll lose lots of valuable time in the process. A Multicultural team is an important part of your success This point is directly related to the things we discussed earlier. You must hire local experts because they know a lot about the specific market. About its laws, legal and financial intricacies, cultural nuances, and overall mentality. All of these are important for a startup to learn about its audience and preserve its good reputation. Without knowing the specifics of the local laws, it’s possible to make a critical mistake in the process of financial transactions or registering the company and launching your business. If you don’t hire experts from different countries, you are unlikely to create a truly successful product. The second reason why you need a multicultural team as you scale your operations is that users want to have support 24/7. This is difficult to do if you work in New York and New Delhi, but all your users are in Moscow and London. Our employees live in 18 different countries spread over the globe. This is done precisely so that we can ensure constant live user support. The ideal situation is when your developers speak the languages of your markets of presence. A developer who only speaks English will have a hard time adapting the product for Spanish-speaking audiences. Try to break down your teams and their supervisors by country. A multicultural team entails remote work, and that type of operation has its own aspects to consider. Remote work can be effective, but only if you have a clear understanding of how your operations are organized and how to monitor all the processes. Excess of control forces employees to resign, and its lack leads to problems with performance. Make sure to spend enough time finding the optimal arrangement for working with your team and the best tools for communication and performance monitoring.

3 Lessons I’ve Learned Leading My Startup to Global Markets

44,000 startups. 4,553 cities. “4 billion votes” It was such a blessing to get to know so many of your ideas and innovations from every corner of the world in 2021. The startup community amazed all of us with your hard work and persistence despite all of the challenges that we faced globally throughout last year. Not gonna lie, the competition got our hearts racing like Eurovision. We won’t let you wait for much longer, below are long-awaited results! ✨✨✨ To see who is a winner in each respective city, visit and pick a city. The name at the top of the list is the winner. (Compromised awards are under review.) startups.hackernoon.com The will announce the winners per region in their respective cities. Startups Winners Announcement Series 🔥 Central Europe Central Europe has always caught our attention with the talented pool of people in tech community. But were they able to get through 2021 despite the pandemic? Let’s cheers to the most outstanding amongst 4,500+ startups who have been working hard this year: Basel, Switzerland An overwhelming vote for ~ in their mission of helping machinery companies drive more service revenues from their installed base MachiQ Software Berlin, Germany We have with a whooping 538 votes! Let’s support Plan A with its mission to help companies to measure, monitor and reduce their environmental footprint. Plan A Düsseldorf, Germany It doesn’t get any easier with Kicking off in helping people organize online schedules more easily. EasyWeek! Geneva, Switzerland Manage code quality? We have to give props to for their startup! SonarSource Hamburg, Germany Taking over Hamburg is , an acoustic device to reduce noises in vehicle cabins. No more annoying sounds on the road 🚗 ReCalm Köln, Germany Small business? Hoping to manage your marketing campaign? is winning the vote! rankingCoach Lausanne, Switzerland is a Swiss-based company focused on cryptocurrency management solutions built for financial institutions. Metaco Leipzig, Germany empowers companies to operate and utilize drones for the most effective industrial data applications. FlyNex Mainz, Germany is growing sustainable digital mobility startups! Next Mobility Labs Munich, Germany wins for top-line, high-security international Identity Management! ORY Stuttgart, Germany Remote desktop application? Ask anywhere. AnyDesk Vienna, Austria , an IT company enabling privacy-preserving big data applications in the digital age. Mostly AI Zug, Switzerland Way to go 1762 votes for the first provably live pure Proof-of-Stake (PoS) CBC-Casper blockchain designed for real-world applications. CasperLabs! Nyon Calling for robust data solutions for impact-driven organizations! Havuta LLC Zürich is revolutionizing small business lending to give easy access to capital to those who need it most: SMEs ✨ Teylor Heidelberg, Germany is an innovative HR startup providing a solution for fast and efficient recruiting of employees with simple job profiles. Talk'n'Job Stuttgart, Germany Congratulations for winning this title! AnyDesk Moving on to our buddies in... 🔥 Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is home to many familiar big names in our start-up world. Trace history for Miro, Telegram, and Grammarly and you know where they are from. Who is the next generation for Eastern European startups? Budapest, Hungary is a platform for mobile app development, enabling tens of thousands of developers to automate integration, testing, and deployment. Bitrise I__ __ stanbul, Turkey Leading here is - a brand new software intelligence platform- helps organizations deliver faster, high-quality products by connecting their DevOps tools. Oobeya Kraków, Poland is a human cloud platform that connects global enterprises with European software houses, offering tech talent as a service. Talent Alpha Kyiv, Ukraine 281 votes for , an AI powered app where people can swap faces in the videos, GIFs and images in just a few seconds. Reface Sofia, Bulgaria 387 votes for __ __378, leading Blockchain and DLT solutions company that specializes in helping enterprises and blockchain startups design, build and scale innovative solutions using Blockchain & DLT! LimeChain Warsaw, Poland is a next-generation blockchain document management software (DMS). DoxyChain Yerevan, Armenia Whoever clicked to vote for was sure a vote, because it ended up winning as a full-service software provider delivering Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning solutions for businesses. SmartClick smart Almaty Just like the name suggested, provides one pass to dozens of gyms and studios. 1FIT Debrecen got all the coders ranked figured out! CodersRank Kharkiv is complete solution digital assets management! Pics.io Minsk, Belarus with 243 votes is the first blockchain-powered sports media platform. Scorum Moscow, Russian Federation 1 e-grocery company in Russia with 26 votes and #1 on our HackerNoon board for Minsk. SberMarket Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation leads this area as a personal finance application that rewards responsible spending and savings. CoinKeeper Kazan, Russian Federation Smelling a sweet victory? 3d App designers for flower bouquets is in the house! Flowito Western Europe 🔥 Brexit? Pandemic? It seems like startups in Western Europe still keep their spirits regardless. Startups in Western Europe that stood out in votes this year go to: Antwerp is on a streak! As a bug bounty platform, it ensures online security through a crowd-sourced platform for computer experts. intigriti Belfast A record-breaking 10,003 votes? is an independent coffee shop. Come grab a coffee! Bobs & Berts Birmingham What’s happening in Birmingham? We have , an innovative UK-based advanced lithium battery developer aiming to accelerate the global shift to cleaner. Aceleron Bordeaux 30 is an open-source web framework for building modern apps and websites with Vue.js. NuxtJS Boulogne-billancourt is a software company that provides an in-store analytics platform to optimize operations. DiGEiZ Brighton In for some jam? offers musical education services. BIMM Bristol Another tasty victory for Western Europe is enabling the strongest digital encryption on the internet. KETS Quantum Security Brussels A fashionable win for , a social fashion network. You scan barcodes in fashion shops and see every influencer wearing those outfits! Share your wishlist with your friends and earn cashback. SCANDALOOK Cardiff is a technology company developing end-to-end digital connectivity for the point-of-care diagnostics market. Bond Digital Health London A whooping number of 1085 vote__ __ offers hardware based cyber-security solution for authentication and encryption in a wired local network. Crypto Quantique Edinburgh Hopping up on the crypto movement, just launched last year but they are already rocking it at making crypto accessible to everyone. Zumo Ghent 5379 votes for ! A Belgian InsurTech startup that helps insurance providers all over the world to better connect with their digital customers. WeGroup Glasgow specializes in single-cell analysis transforming the life sciences. Biomage Paris Show some love in the city of love for , a sports platform that is connected to a mobile sports coaching application. AirFit Aberystwyth enables artificial intelligence, data science & digital innovation solutions for the agriculture, biotech & life sciences industries. Agxio Norwich Congratulations for the amazing win of 1124 votes! WATR Charleroi Congratulations for your amazing win! Hirering Gibraltar Give a round of applause to Fortknoxter! Waltham Abbey is ruling the area with its amazing 72 votes! RPAIR Antwerpen Rocking up Antwerpen area is the rising startup ! Willow Egham What’s happening in Egham? Proudly announcing winning the Noonies this year! ATA.ONE Leicester Leicester is calling the name of as the winner for the region! DeadHappy Macclesfield Who else but ? Congratulations on dominating the award! AeroCloud Northern Europe 🔥 Want to listen to some music? Spotify. Need some games to kill time? Candy Crush. What about a quick call to someone you haven’t seen in a long time? Skype. These are all startups that originated from Northern Europe! Noonies, let’s take a look at the upcoming generation of startups from Northern Europe that hopefully will see an even bigger and brighter future. Gothenburg, Sweden Shipping was never made for small shippers, so took on the mission to built an end-to-end logistics platform to empower small businesses to spend less time and money on shipping and more time on growing their businesses. Sendify The Netherlands provides a virtual platform for many kinds of conferences and events. Let's Get Digital Helsinki, Finland A curated collection of public basketball courts in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area called . Everyone is welcome to submit to their local court. Koripallopaikat Lund, Sweden develops an antibiotic-free, safe and effective treatment of vaginal fungal infections. Gedea Biotech Luxembourg, Luxembourg 🚀 is a job-matching platform that connects developers and tech experts with CTOs and team leads from the best tech companies across Europe. 👾 nexten.io Malmö, Sweden Feeling studious, Noonies? __ __e is a tool for Google Classroom, that enables formative matrix assessment towards course learning objectives directly. StudyBe Oslo, Norway is the platform supports a unified API across all connected device categories, removing significant friction for app developers. Domos Labs Reykjavík, Iceland __ __s is a mobile-first technologically advanced neo-bank. Indo service #S__ __ tockholm, Sweden is the biggest blockchain start-up in Sweden. Double winner of the most prestigious nomination in Nordics 'NyTeknik 33-listan', winner of the Deloitte Fast 50, and now Noonies Award! ChromaWay AB T__ __ allinn, Estonia Passing 1000 votes is a fully digital and decentralized ecosystem for all actors in supply chain. OBORTECH Vilnius, Lithuania is an easy-to-use money app for cards and accounts. Via Genome, users can open a business or a merchant account or a personal one with dedicated IBANs, access transfers, exchange currency, process payments, and manage the funds. Genome Aalborg Digura A legaltech offering tenants fast, digital and reliable legal assistance Aarhus Partisia Market Design provides secure, simple, efficient solutions for auctions and exchanges realizing the potential of the market. Helsingborg is a hi-tech company developing cardiac occlusion devices and other vascular implants. Occlutech Tallinna is an AI-powered system for marketing automation in social networks. POSTOPLAN 🔥 Southern Europe Southern Europe’s economy went through a hard time this year due to a huge reduction in tourism. But our startups are of course always headstrong, from Spain to Italy and all the way through Greece. Who are the heroes rising amidst changes of Southern Europe? Skopje is a versatile software development company that solves the business challenges of SMBs, big brands, and brave hearts with awesome ideas. CodeChem Sliema Sounds like just a relaxing exhale. is a holistic health and wellbeing app built to allow users work on the development of their physical, mental and spiritual health Few Tajonar is a company of experienced business & industry entrepreneurs offering solutions to industries based on cutting-edge technologies. das-Nano Tarragona is a technology-based company focusing on the production of integrated microsystems. IMICROQ Terni is an ICT-based integrated solution that is able to modulate, respond, assist and learn to control most home activities. Mind Tirana is a video content and e-commerce platform for the Balkans built on top of an Albanian language specialized search engine. Gjirafa Torino develops and commercializes algorithms based on Artificial Intelligence to increase the autonomy of small satellite missions. AIKO T__ __ orres Buy online groceries like you would buy offline with personalized picking as fast as in 4 hours with Vedras 360hyper! Trento is a music-based platform built around streaming platforms that allow users to discover new emerging artists and make new friends. Brots 2021, what a YEAR. Congratulations to all of the startups that made it to the top winning list for Europe! Stay tuned for Startup awards in 2022 and let’s cheers to a new year of more innovative ideas, bold innovations, and robust creations from you, Europe 🌷 More Information: If you’re a winner, please answer ! If you’re a reader, participant, just a curious individual, consider answering one of our interviews . this interview here Read the FAQs about or . Startups here here To see all of the winners you may visit , pick any city and view the name that appears at the top. this site If you’re interested in partnering with us, we invite you to look through some of these or reach out to our business department. unique sponsorship options Perhaps creating your very own tickles your fancy or maybe you have a whole new idea for how we can partner! writing contest Thank you to all of our sponsors! We truly appreciate your contribution to the tech world and thus the future! The Startups Awards are sponsored by: , , , , , , , , , , Blockster Brex FreeCodeCamp LaunchDarkly Coil Udacity Udemy Vercel Asia Pacific Transgender Network Bybit Everscale Network This post was written by An Le and edited by Natasha Nel. If you have any questions or concerns or would like to report a discrepancy please email ellen@hackernoon.com.

Meet the Winners of Startups in Europe

#Noonies2021 Awards: The List of Winners in the Technology Category

So far, 800 million people worldwide use the TikTok video streaming app for entertainment and connection, and 12.5% of them, 100 million, are Americans. After President Donald Trump said on July 31 that he planned to bar the Chinese-owned social media app from operating in the US, he reversed course, saying he would allow TikTok to keep operating if it were sold to an American owner. Microsoft is one of the companies most likely to buy the app. The possible acquisition will allow the software company to compete with Facebook and Google-owned YouTube and attract a younger audience. Like many other social media apps, TikTok is not just about entertainment and funny videos. It’s a powerful instrument for influencers, opinion leaders, and enterprises to gain followers and audience loyalty and to broadcast their ideas worldwide. The TikTok optimism helped millions of Americans connect and express themselves during the difficult pandemic times, and now, platform users are to be denied this opportunity. This is why the reaction to the ban was so strong among TikTok users and why people started keeping eye on the acquisition news and searching for possible alternatives. But is it actually possible for other streaming apps to take the place of TikTok? The TikTok secret: The power of zoomer creativity In 2019, TikTok outperformed social media giants such as YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook and became the most downloaded app on the Apple App Store, with more than 33 million downloads. The platform boosts user engagement by launching challenges and providing a wide range of filters and music-syncing options that can be applied to user videos. Furthermore, it uses AI algorithms to optimize content creation, curation, and recommendations. This makes TikTok a mixture of Instagram, YouTube, and Facebook: video content with music that can be improved through filters and has recommendations. According to the information shared by Postoplan , more than 40% of the TikTok audience are zoomers, and the app has the highest average engagement rate (ER) of all studied social media sites, at 14.87%. These facts are interdependent: “The TikTok secret is that it was initially developed for generation Z teenagers. This generation is addicted to mobile devices, lacks offline communication, and yearns for recognition. They use the app multiple times a day and are engaged in new online activities – that’s how the high ER can be explained,” says Postoplan CEO Alex Bozhin. Nevertheless, only 7% of businesses connected to Postoplan started using TikTok for business goals because, for a pretty long time, the app provided limited promotion prospects. However, after the TikTok Ads Manager was launched in Q1 2020, the situation is likely to change. Searching for TikTok alternatives So far, TikTok is available in over 150 countries, with India, China, and the US being the largest markets for the app. In late June 2020, TikTok and 59 other Chinese mobile apps were banned in India. Now the same ban is possible in the United States. The reason for these bans in the two countries is the same: TikTok is accused of illegal personal data usage, which threatens the national security of the respective countries. As TikTok has formed a demand for this type of video-streaming app in the US market, its ban opens up new opportunities for TikTok competitors from the United States or Europe that are unlikely to be banned in the future: byte, Dubsmash, Funimate, Triller, and Instagram Reels. is the second-largest video streaming app in the US, with 27% of the country’s short-form video market share by installs and 100 million users globally, according to . As the platform has always been overshadowed by TikTok, it is commonly considered a ground zero for new influencers and creators. Dubsmash doesn’t have that many stars, and that’s why people feel comfortable when they record and stream videos. Dubsmash App Annie ’s main advantage over TikTok is that it has no restrictions on video styles: slow motion, video compilations, loops, lip-syncing, etc. With 40 million users worldwide, Funimate is often described as a video-editing and -streaming app, and the company focuses on providing users with vast flexibility in creating short videos. The seventh-largest video app in the US, Funimate is widely used just for editing videos, and the content created with this app is then shared on other social media. Funimate Launched in 2015, is an AI-powered video-editing app with 26.5 million users. On Triller, people can film themselves doing different things, and the app will automatically compile the best moments to create a music video. The app focuses on creativity, authenticity, and content creation through remixing – just like TikTok does. But these apps are not the same. On Triller, users can listen to entire music tracks, whereas TikTok users have to put up with a 15-second restriction. Furthermore, Triller is integrated with other music libraries such as Apple Music or Spotify, whereas TikTok has its own library. That means TikTok is much more ambitious in its attempt to disrupt the music industry, whereas Triller collaborates with existing market participants. Triller The is an American social video-streaming platform founded by the co-founder of Vine and described as Vine 2.0. Launched in January 2020, byte got over 1.3 million downloads within the first week, with U.S. users accounting for 70%. Byte is a direct competitor of TikTok with one great advantage: it provides monetization options for creators. The app shares the revenue gained from advertising among the top 100 influencers and creators, and the current TikTok ban has spurred on a popularity increase for byte in the US. byte app This short comparison would not be complete without mentioning , a short video-sharing app by Facebook that was a copycat app of TikTok and was shut down on July 10, 2020. This service was directly competing with TikTok but never gained popularity even though it was launched by a social media giant. The reason Facebook shut down Lasso was to focus on a shift to the feature. This new service was first launched in Brazil and then expanded to France and Germany and now is available in over 50 countries. Its concept is pretty similar to that of Lasso and TikTok: Instagram Reels was launched in the US on August 5, and the possible TikTok ban is likely to work in Reels’ favor. Lasso Instagram Reels In conclusion, the prospect of TikTok being banned is a nightmare scenario for many teens in the US. The possible Microsoft acquisition would grant the software company millions of grateful youth as well as new opportunities on the social media platform market. President Trump said that he will wait until September 15 to take action on TikTok, and the current uncertainty in the video app’s future opens new opportunities for TikTok competitors to seize the moment and scale up their user base.

A Chance for Emerging Video-Sharing Apps: What Happens If TikTok Is Banned in the US?

Thermodynamic Limits Around M-dwarf Stars: Acknowledgements

Thermodynamic Limits on Oxygenic Photosynthesis Around M-dwarf Stars: Abstract and Introduction

Authors:
(1) Toshit Jain, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India;
(2) Varun Singh, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India;
(3) Vijay Kumar Boda, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India;
(4) Upkar Singh, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India;
(5) Ingrid Hotz, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India and Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden;
(6) P. N. Vinayachandran, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India;
(7) Vijay Natarajan, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
Ocean data
pyParaOcean: Architecture
pyParaOcean: Functionalities
Case study: Bay of Bengal
Conclusion
Acknowledgments and References 4. pyParaOcean: Functionalities We now list and describe the various functions that are implemented in the pyParaOcean plugin and made available as Paraview filters. Figure 2 and the video in the supplementary material show the different filters in pyParaOcean and the user interface. 4.1. Isovolume visualization Volume rendering is a natural choice for visualizing the 3D scalar fields in the ocean data because it provides a quick overview of the distribution (Figure 2(D)). Animation with a fixed transfer function allows visualization of the scalar field over time. The volume rendering filter within Paraview can be tuned to visualize subvolumes of interest by choosing a interval within the range of the scalar field. Specifically, an isovolume containing the mean salinity/temperature value within the spatial region of interest or an isovolume that captures high salinity water provide a good overview of the 3D field. 4.2. Seed placement and field lines Field lines, including streamlines and pathlines, provide a good overview of a 3D vector field. pyParaOcean provides a filter that implements multiple seeding strategies for initiating the computation of streamlines and pathlines, and allows the user to choose one. Seeds generated using this filter are fed as input to the custom source streamline integrator or particle tracer in Paraview (Figure 2(G,H)). Streamlines are a set of integral curves tangent to the velocity at every point in space. They portray instantaneous lines of flow that characterize important oceanographic phenomena such as eddies, currents, and filaments. Pathlines are tangential to the velocity as it evolves over time. A pathline describes the path a massless virtual particle would take beginning from the seed positioned at a particular timestep. Pathlines are useful for understanding transport, such as salinity advection and debris collection. They are more compute-intensive than streamlines. The seeding filter controls the number of seeds and how the domain is sampled for seed placement, see Figure 2 (C)). Sampling can be (a) uniform, (b) weighted by flow speed, curl, vorticity, or the Okubo-Weiss criterion [Oku70], or (c) weighted by user-defined scalar fields that are computed earlier in the pipeline. A user may tune the line integration parameters and the sampling options to reduce visual clutter, focus the computation to regions of interest, maximize coverage of the domain, and highlight interesting flow features. For example, rendering wispy streamlines in regions of high vorticity produces closed loops around eddies with some temporal coherence across frames (Figure 7). Additionally, each component of the vector field to which the seeding filter is applied can be specified as a separate scalar field. This makes it easier to perform other downstream operations like ignoring the vertical velocity component or adjusting the scale along each axis. 4.3. Interactive particle paths This filter facilitates heat and mass transport queries on ocean data with an interactive seeding extension to the particle tracer from Paraview. It displays a linked parallel coordinates plot, where the user can brush to select ranges of scalars like temperature and salinity and hence restrict the seeding to isovolumes. Points sampled from these subvolumes serve as seeds for pathline computation (Figure 2(H)). 4.4. Depth profile view This filter enables the user to inspect a vertical column of the ocean, specified by a longitude and latitude pair. It drops a “needle” into the ocean and samples points along this line at different values of depth (Figure 2(D)). It displays a linked parallel coordinates plot that gives a depth profile of all scalars sampled along the vertical column. A line plot view of the chosen scalar against depth (Figure 2(E)) is displayed. Optionally, the scalar field mapped to a vertical slice at the chosen longitude is shown in the volume render window. The user can select and highlight a subset of the points in the vertical column from the parallel coordinates plot (Figure 2(F)), and track them across time in all views. This is useful for studying vertical mass transport, especially upwelling or downwelling via Ekman transport [Sar13] in eddy centres, and to study the depression of isotherms indicating redistribution of heat [KNR∗ 07]. Studying these changes is important to understand marine life as they drive phytoplankton bloom and nutrient transport 4.5. Eddy identification and visualization Several algorithms have been devised for reliable and automatic identification of eddies [AHG∗ 19]. McWilliam [McW90] developed a 2D method using vorticity ω as a physical parameter, whose local minima and maxima locate the centres of potential eddies and the values of vorticity in the neighborhood relative to the centre helps determine the eddy boundary. Okubo [Oku70] uses a special Okubo-Weiss parameter based on shear and strain deformation and the vertical component of vorticity to measure rotation and hence identify potential eddies. A circularity criterion may be applied after the Okubo-Weiss criterion to improve the results [WHP∗ 11]. Sea surface height and velocity profile have also been used for eddy detection [MAIS16]. The winding angle criterion, together with a streamline clustering, helps identify eddies in 3D [FFH21]. The eddy identification filter in pyParaOcean focuses on mesoscale eddies [AMM17] . It uses only the velocity field in individual time steps and does not compute any derived fields. This 3D detection scheme can be applied in parallel across timesteps and across depth slices since the vertical velocity is not used. Flow speed of swirling fluid decreases radially inwards towards the centre of rotation. The filter inspects local minima of the flow speed to identify potential eddy centres. Vertical velocity is ignored to discount the motion of upwelling or downwelling in vortex cores, thus enhancing the corresponding flow minima. Noise and less significant minima are removed by applying topological simplification directed by the notion of persistence [TFL∗ 17]. Next, the method employs an approximation of the winding angle criterion [FFH21] by checking if the streamline crosses into all four quadrants of an XY plane centred at the minimum [GEP04]. This method is more effective in regions with relatively stationary eddy centres like the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Figure 3 shows the set of potential eddy centres identified in the Red Sea using this filter. Streamlines seeded near the core of an eddy form spirals or closed loops. The boundary of an eddy is determined using a binary search along the radial axes. The search helps locate the seed that is furthest from the eddy centre but results in a spiral or nearly closed loop streamline. The filter displays all streamlines originating near the detected vortex core and hence presents a 3D profile of the eddy (Figure 2(I)). It may be extended to support other eddy detection methods [MAIS16, FFH21] that may be selected via the interface. 4.6. Surface front tracking and salinity visualization Oceanographers are often interested in water parcels that transport mass or heat. These are moving volumes of water with distinctive temperature or salinity characteristics. The surface front tracking filter computes connected components of the boundary of a scalarfield isovolume (called the surface front), tracks them over time, and generates a track graph that summarizes movement of all surface fronts. A subset of tracks extracted from this graph are rendered for visual analysis. Surface fronts have been shown to be a good representative of high salinity water masses [SDVN22]. It has been used to trace the path of the high salinity core (HSC) entering into the Bay of Bengal from the Arabian Sea (Figure 2(J)). This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Toshit Jain, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India; (2) Varun Singh, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India; (3) Vijay Kumar Boda, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India; (4) Upkar Singh, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India; (5) Ingrid Hotz, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India and Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden; (6) P. N. Vinayachandran, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India; (7) Vijay Natarajan, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India. Authors: Authors: (1) Toshit Jain, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India; (2) Varun Singh, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India; (3) Vijay Kumar Boda, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India; (4) Upkar Singh, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India; (5) Ingrid Hotz, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India and Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden; (6) P. N. Vinayachandran, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India; (7) Vijay Natarajan, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Ocean data pyParaOcean: Architecture pyParaOcean: Functionalities Case study: Bay of Bengal Conclusion Acknowledgments and References Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Ocean data Ocean data pyParaOcean: Architecture pyParaOcean: Architecture pyParaOcean: Functionalities pyParaOcean: Functionalities Case study: Bay of Bengal Case study: Bay of Bengal Conclusion Conclusion Acknowledgments and References Acknowledgments and References 4. pyParaOcean: Functionalities We now list and describe the various functions that are implemented in the pyParaOcean plugin and made available as Paraview filters. Figure 2 and the video in the supplementary material show the different filters in pyParaOcean and the user interface. 4.1. Isovolume visualization Volume rendering is a natural choice for visualizing the 3D scalar fields in the ocean data because it provides a quick overview of the distribution (Figure 2(D)). Animation with a fixed transfer function allows visualization of the scalar field over time. The volume rendering filter within Paraview can be tuned to visualize subvolumes of interest by choosing a interval within the range of the scalar field. Specifically, an isovolume containing the mean salinity/temperature value within the spatial region of interest or an isovolume that captures high salinity water provide a good overview of the 3D field. 4.2. Seed placement and field lines Field lines, including streamlines and pathlines, provide a good overview of a 3D vector field. pyParaOcean provides a filter that implements multiple seeding strategies for initiating the computation of streamlines and pathlines, and allows the user to choose one. Seeds generated using this filter are fed as input to the custom source streamline integrator or particle tracer in Paraview (Figure 2(G,H)). Streamlines are a set of integral curves tangent to the velocity at every point in space. They portray instantaneous lines of flow that characterize important oceanographic phenomena such as eddies, currents, and filaments. Pathlines are tangential to the velocity as it evolves over time. A pathline describes the path a massless virtual particle would take beginning from the seed positioned at a particular timestep. Pathlines are useful for understanding transport, such as salinity advection and debris collection. They are more compute-intensive than streamlines. The seeding filter controls the number of seeds and how the domain is sampled for seed placement, see Figure 2 (C)). Sampling can be (a) uniform, (b) weighted by flow speed, curl, vorticity, or the Okubo-Weiss criterion [Oku70], or (c) weighted by user-defined scalar fields that are computed earlier in the pipeline. A user may tune the line integration parameters and the sampling options to reduce visual clutter, focus the computation to regions of interest, maximize coverage of the domain, and highlight interesting flow features. For example, rendering wispy streamlines in regions of high vorticity produces closed loops around eddies with some temporal coherence across frames (Figure 7). Additionally, each component of the vector field to which the seeding filter is applied can be specified as a separate scalar field. This makes it easier to perform other downstream operations like ignoring the vertical velocity component or adjusting the scale along each axis. 4.3. Interactive particle paths This filter facilitates heat and mass transport queries on ocean data with an interactive seeding extension to the particle tracer from Paraview. It displays a linked parallel coordinates plot, where the user can brush to select ranges of scalars like temperature and salinity and hence restrict the seeding to isovolumes. Points sampled from these subvolumes serve as seeds for pathline computation (Figure 2(H)). 4.4. Depth profile view This filter enables the user to inspect a vertical column of the ocean, specified by a longitude and latitude pair. It drops a “needle” into the ocean and samples points along this line at different values of depth (Figure 2(D)). It displays a linked parallel coordinates plot that gives a depth profile of all scalars sampled along the vertical column. A line plot view of the chosen scalar against depth (Figure 2(E)) is displayed. Optionally, the scalar field mapped to a vertical slice at the chosen longitude is shown in the volume render window. The user can select and highlight a subset of the points in the vertical column from the parallel coordinates plot (Figure 2(F)), and track them across time in all views. This is useful for studying vertical mass transport, especially upwelling or downwelling via Ekman transport [Sar13] in eddy centres, and to study the depression of isotherms indicating redistribution of heat [KNR∗ 07]. Studying these changes is important to understand marine life as they drive phytoplankton bloom and nutrient transport 4.5. Eddy identification and visualization Several algorithms have been devised for reliable and automatic identification of eddies [AHG∗ 19]. McWilliam [McW90] developed a 2D method using vorticity ω as a physical parameter, whose local minima and maxima locate the centres of potential eddies and the values of vorticity in the neighborhood relative to the centre helps determine the eddy boundary. Okubo [Oku70] uses a special Okubo-Weiss parameter based on shear and strain deformation and the vertical component of vorticity to measure rotation and hence identify potential eddies. A circularity criterion may be applied after the Okubo-Weiss criterion to improve the results [WHP∗ 11]. Sea surface height and velocity profile have also been used for eddy detection [MAIS16]. The winding angle criterion, together with a streamline clustering, helps identify eddies in 3D [FFH21]. The eddy identification filter in pyParaOcean focuses on mesoscale eddies [AMM17] . It uses only the velocity field in individual time steps and does not compute any derived fields. This 3D detection scheme can be applied in parallel across timesteps and across depth slices since the vertical velocity is not used. Flow speed of swirling fluid decreases radially inwards towards the centre of rotation. The filter inspects local minima of the flow speed to identify potential eddy centres. Vertical velocity is ignored to discount the motion of upwelling or downwelling in vortex cores, thus enhancing the corresponding flow minima. Noise and less significant minima are removed by applying topological simplification directed by the notion of persistence [TFL∗ 17]. Next, the method employs an approximation of the winding angle criterion [FFH21] by checking if the streamline crosses into all four quadrants of an XY plane centred at the minimum [GEP04]. This method is more effective in regions with relatively stationary eddy centres like the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Figure 3 shows the set of potential eddy centres identified in the Red Sea using this filter. Streamlines seeded near the core of an eddy form spirals or closed loops. The boundary of an eddy is determined using a binary search along the radial axes. The search helps locate the seed that is furthest from the eddy centre but results in a spiral or nearly closed loop streamline. The filter displays all streamlines originating near the detected vortex core and hence presents a 3D profile of the eddy (Figure 2(I)). It may be extended to support other eddy detection methods [MAIS16, FFH21] that may be selected via the interface. 4.6. Surface front tracking and salinity visualization Oceanographers are often interested in water parcels that transport mass or heat. These are moving volumes of water with distinctive temperature or salinity characteristics. The surface front tracking filter computes connected components of the boundary of a scalarfield isovolume (called the surface front), tracks them over time, and generates a track graph that summarizes movement of all surface fronts. A subset of tracks extracted from this graph are rendered for visual analysis. Surface fronts have been shown to be a good representative of high salinity water masses [SDVN22]. It has been used to trace the path of the high salinity core (HSC) entering into the Bay of Bengal from the Arabian Sea (Figure 2(J)). This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

pyParaOcean, A System for Visual Analysis of Ocean Data: pyParaOcean: Functionalities

pyParaOcean, একটি সিস্টেম ফর ভিজ্যুয়াল অ্যানালাইসিস অফ ওশান ডেটা: pyParaOcean: কার্যকারিতা

pyParaOcean, Ein System zur visuellen Analyse von Ozeandaten: pyParaOcean: Funktionalitäten

pyParaOcean, un sistema de análisis visual de datos oceánicos: pyParaOcean: Funcionalidades

pyParaOcean, un système d'analyse visuelle des données océaniques : pyParaOcean : fonctionnalités

pyParaOcean, महासागर डेटा के दृश्य विश्लेषण के लिए एक प्रणाली: pyParaOcean: कार्यक्षमताएँ

pyParaOcean、海洋データの視覚的分析システム: pyParaOcean: 機能

pyParaOcean, 해양 데이터의 시각적 분석 시스템: pyParaOcean: 기능

pyParaOcean, um sistema para análise visual de dados oceânicos: pyParaOcean: Funcionalidades

pyParaOcean, система визуального анализа данных об океане: pyParaOcean: функциональные возможности

pyParaOcean, Okyanus Verilerinin Görsel Analizi İçin Bir Sistem: pyParaOcean: İşlevsellikler

pyParaOcean, Hệ thống phân tích trực quan dữ liệu đại dương: pyParaOcean: Chức năng

pyParaOcean，海洋数据可视化分析系统：pyParaOcean：功能

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Konstantin V. Getman, Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University;
(2) Agnes Kospal, Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, E¨otv¨os Lor´and Research Network (ELKH), MTA Centre of
Excellence, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, and ELTE E¨otv¨os Lor´and University, Institute of Physics;
(3) Nicole Arulanantham, Space Telescope Science Institute;
(4) Dmitry A. Semenov, Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences;
(5) Grigorii V. Smirnov-Pinchukov, Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences;
(6) Sierk E. van Terwisga, Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
X-ray Observations and Data Extraction
Flare Analyses
Comparison with X-ray Flares from Young Stars
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgments and References ABSTRACT DQ Tau is a unique young high-eccentricity binary system that exhibits regular magnetic reconnection flares and pulsed accretion near periastron. We conducted NuSTAR, Swift, and Chandra observations during the July 30, 2022 periastron to characterize X-ray, near-ultraviolet (NUV), and optical flaring emissions. Our findings confirm the presence of X-ray super-flares accompanied by substantial NUV and optical flares, consistent with previous discoveries of periastron flares in 2010 and 2021. These observations, supported by new evidence, strongly establish the magnetosphere collision mechanism as the primary driver of magnetic energy release during DQ Tau’s periastron flares. The energetics of the observed X-ray super-flares remain consistent across the three periastrons, indicating recurring energy sources during each passage, surpassing the capabilities of single stars. The observed flaring across multiple bands supports the Adams et al. model for magnetosphere interaction in eccentric binaries. Evidence from modeling and past and current observations suggests that both the mm/X-ray periastron flares and tentatively, the magnetic reconnection-related components of the optical/NUV emissions, conform to the classical solar/stellar non-thermal thick-target model, except for the distinctive magnetic energy source. However, our NuSTAR observations suffered from high background levels, hindering the detection of anticipated non-thermal hard X-rays. Furthermore, we report serendipitous discovery of X-ray super-flares occurring away from periastron, potentially associated with interacting magnetospheres. The current study is part of a broader multi-wavelength campaign, which is planned to investigate the influence of DQ Tau’s stellar radiation on gas-phase ion chemistry within its circumbinary disk. Keywords: Pre-main sequence stars (1290) — Spectroscopic binary stars (1557) — X-ray stars (1823) — Stellar magnetic fields (1610) — Optical flares (1166) — Ultraviolet transient sources (1854) —- Stellar x-ray flares (1637) — Solar x-ray flares (1816) — Solar flares (1496) — Stellar flares (1603) — Protoplanetary disks (1300) 1. INTRODUCTION DQ Tau is a nearby (D = 195 pc; Gaia Collaboration et al. 2023), non-eclipsing, double-lined spectro scopic binary system, consisting of two pre-main sequence (PMS) stars of equal mass (0.6 M⊙) and equal radius (2 R⊙) (Mathieu et al. 1997; Czekala et al. 2016; Pouilly et al. 2023). These stars exhibit spectral types within the range of M0 to K7. The rotational periods of the primary and secondary components are 3 days (K´osp´al et al. 2018) and 4.5 days (Pouilly et al. in prep.), respectively. The orbital period measures 15.8 days. DQ Tau boasts a highly eccentric orbit (e ∼ 0.6) and displays an exceptionally small periastron separation, measuring only about 8 −10 stellar radii (Mathieu et al. 1997; Czekala et al. 2016; Pouilly et al. 2023). Furthermore, the binary components of DQ Tau harbor relatively strong surface magnetic fields, estimated at around 2.5 kG, which give rise to formidable magnetospheres (Pouilly et al. 2023, Pouilly et al. in prep.). Surrounding DQ Tau is a protoplanetary disk of average size (≤ 100 au), complete with a small 0.3 au cavity (Czekala et al. 2016; K´osp´al et al. 2018; Ballering & Eisner 2019). Large optical and UV brightenings primarily occur at orbital phase (Φ = 0.8 − 1.2), and they are mainly attributed to the pulsed accretion of disk material onto the binary components (Tofflemire et al. 2017; K´osp´al et al. 2018; Muzerolle et al. 2019; Fiorellino et al. 2022). However, far-UV (FUV) observations of DQ Tau with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph onboard HST (HST-COS) showed no correlation between the orbital phase of the binary and the C IV flux, a tracer of mass accretion rate, indicating that some component of the behavior is stochastic (Ardila et al. 2015). The system exhibits powerful mm/X-ray flares coinciding with periastron passage, attributed to collisions between the magnetospheres of the binary components. The evidence supporting the magnetsophere collision hypothesis includes the recurrence of synchrotron mmband flaring during 4 periastron encounters (Salter et al. 2008, 2010), the recurrence of soft X-ray flaring in 2 periastron encounters (Getman et al. 2011, 2022a), the timing and energy relationships between the mm and X-ray flares, and the consistency observed between the flare loop size and binary separation (Salter et al. 2010; Getman et al. 2011). Several other young binary systems with high eccentricities have been reported to exhibit enhanced levels of either X-ray, optical/mm, or radio emissions near their periastron passages. Notable examples include ϵ Lupi (Das et al. 2023), a collective study of four binaries (Parenago 523, RX J1622.7-2325 Nw, UZ Tau E, and HD 152404) conducted by Getman et al. (2016), UZ Tau E (K´osp´al et al. 2011), and V773 Tau A (Massi et al. 2008; Adams et al. 2011). In these systems, magnetosphere collision has been proposed as a primary mechanism responsible for generating the magnetic reconnection energy that drives these events. Modelling studies have shown that PMS X-rays have strong impact on disk ionization and chemistry (Glassgold et al. 2000; Alexander et al. 2014). But most studies assume continuous irradiation without considering the high-amplitude variations in flux and spectrum due to super-flares. A few time-dependent calculations show that disk ionization may respond to sudden large Xray flares (Rab et al. 2017; Waggoner & Cleeves 2022). This may already have been seen. One empirical report of ionization variability has emerged: the H13CO+ abundance of IM Lup’s disk jumped up and down by a factor of 2.5 over months (Cleeves et al. 2017). However, since no concurrent X-ray observations were conducted, the exact cause cannot be definitively ascribed to X-ray flaring. The occurrence of large X-ray flares in young stars is relatively rare and unpredictable, displaying a stochastic nature (Getman & Feigelson 2021). However, the presence of predictable X-ray super-flares and accretion outbursts in close proximity to periastron passage makes DQ Tau an extraordinary laboratory for investigating the influence of stellar radiation on the gas-phase ion chemistry within its disk. To achieve this, we conducted a single X-ray observation using the NuSTAR telescope, along with multiple short-duration observations using the Swift telescope in the X-ray, UV, and optical wavelengths. These observations were strategically timed near a specific periastron passage of DQ Tau, taking place in July-August 2022. Additionally, we captured multiple snapshots of the non-periastron portion of DQ Tau’s orbit using the Chandra X-ray telescope. However, we encountered unfavorable weather conditions that limited our ALMA observations to a single short session near periastron. The results from this ALMA observation will be presented in a forthcoming paper. Meanwhile, building upon the X-ray/UV/optical data acquired in 2022 and the previously obtained X-ray/mm data (Salter et al. 2010; Getman et al. 2011, 2022a), our current study is dedicated to further investigating the origins and energetic properties of X-ray flares, along with their corresponding near-ultraviolet (NUV) and optical flare counterparts, observed within the remarkable young binary system DQ Tau. The structure of the paper is outlined as follows: Section 2 provides a detailed description of the data reduction and reduction procedures employed for X-ray, UV, and optical analyses. In Section 3, we present the detection of flares and examine their spectral properties. Section 4 offers a comparison between the X-ray periastron flares observed in DQ Tau and super-flares observed in numerous other PMS stars. Finally, Section 5 delves into a discussion surrounding the origin and energetics of the X-ray flares, as well as their associated NUV and optical counterparts. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Konstantin V. Getman, Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University; (2) Agnes Kospal, Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, E¨otv¨os Lor´and Research Network (ELKH), MTA Centre of Excellence, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, and ELTE E¨otv¨os Lor´and University, Institute of Physics; (3) Nicole Arulanantham, Space Telescope Science Institute; (4) Dmitry A. Semenov, Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences; (5) Grigorii V. Smirnov-Pinchukov, Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences; (6) Sierk E. van Terwisga, Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Konstantin V. Getman, Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University; (2) Agnes Kospal, Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, E¨otv¨os Lor´and Research Network (ELKH), MTA Centre of Excellence, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, and ELTE E¨otv¨os Lor´and University, Institute of Physics; (3) Nicole Arulanantham, Space Telescope Science Institute; (4) Dmitry A. Semenov, Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences; (5) Grigorii V. Smirnov-Pinchukov, Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences; (6) Sierk E. van Terwisga, Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences. Table of Links Abstract and Intro X-ray Observations and Data Extraction Flare Analyses Comparison with X-ray Flares from Young Stars Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments and References Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro X-ray Observations and Data Extraction X-ray Observations and Data Extraction Flare Analyses Flare Analyses Comparison with X-ray Flares from Young Stars Comparison with X-ray Flares from Young Stars Discussion Discussion Conclusions Conclusions Acknowledgments and References Acknowledgments and References ABSTRACT DQ Tau is a unique young high-eccentricity binary system that exhibits regular magnetic reconnection flares and pulsed accretion near periastron. We conducted NuSTAR, Swift, and Chandra observations during the July 30, 2022 periastron to characterize X-ray, near-ultraviolet (NUV), and optical flaring emissions. Our findings confirm the presence of X-ray super-flares accompanied by substantial NUV and optical flares, consistent with previous discoveries of periastron flares in 2010 and 2021. These observations, supported by new evidence, strongly establish the magnetosphere collision mechanism as the primary driver of magnetic energy release during DQ Tau’s periastron flares. The energetics of the observed X-ray super-flares remain consistent across the three periastrons, indicating recurring energy sources during each passage, surpassing the capabilities of single stars. The observed flaring across multiple bands supports the Adams et al. model for magnetosphere interaction in eccentric binaries. Evidence from modeling and past and current observations suggests that both the mm/X-ray periastron flares and tentatively, the magnetic reconnection-related components of the optical/NUV emissions, conform to the classical solar/stellar non-thermal thick-target model, except for the distinctive magnetic energy source. However, our N u STAR observations suffered from high background levels, hindering the detection of anticipated non-thermal hard X-rays. Furthermore, we report serendipitous discovery of X-ray super-flares occurring away from periastron, potentially associated with interacting magnetospheres. The current study is part of a broader multi-wavelength campaign, which is planned to investigate the influence of DQ Tau’s stellar radiation on gas-phase ion chemistry within its circumbinary disk. u Keywords : Pre-main sequence stars (1290) — Spectroscopic binary stars (1557) — X-ray stars (1823) — Stellar magnetic fields (1610) — Optical flares (1166) — Ultraviolet transient sources (1854) —- Stellar x-ray flares (1637) — Solar x-ray flares (1816) — Solar flares (1496) — Stellar flares (1603) — Protoplanetary disks (1300) Keywords 1. INTRODUCTION DQ Tau is a nearby (D = 195 pc; Gaia Collaboration et al. 2023), non-eclipsing, double-lined spectro scopic binary system, consisting of two pre-main sequence (PMS) stars of equal mass (0.6 M⊙) and equal radius (2 R⊙) (Mathieu et al. 1997; Czekala et al. 2016; Pouilly et al. 2023). These stars exhibit spectral types within the range of M0 to K7. The rotational periods of the primary and secondary components are 3 days (K´osp´al et al. 2018) and 4.5 days (Pouilly et al. in prep.), respectively. The orbital period measures 15.8 days. DQ Tau boasts a highly eccentric orbit (e ∼ 0.6) and displays an exceptionally small periastron separation, measuring only about 8 −10 stellar radii (Mathieu et al. 1997; Czekala et al. 2016; Pouilly et al. 2023). Furthermore, the binary components of DQ Tau harbor relatively strong surface magnetic fields, estimated at around 2.5 kG, which give rise to formidable magnetospheres (Pouilly et al. 2023, Pouilly et al. in prep.). Surrounding DQ Tau is a protoplanetary disk of average size (≤ 100 au), complete with a small 0.3 au cavity (Czekala et al. 2016; K´osp´al et al. 2018; Ballering & Eisner 2019). Large optical and UV brightenings primarily occur at orbital phase (Φ = 0.8 − 1.2), and they are mainly attributed to the pulsed accretion of disk material onto the binary components (Tofflemire et al. 2017; K´osp´al et al. 2018; Muzerolle et al. 2019; Fiorellino et al. 2022). However, far-UV (FUV) observations of DQ Tau with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph onboard HST (HST-COS) showed no correlation between the orbital phase of the binary and the C IV flux, a tracer of mass accretion rate, indicating that some component of the behavior is stochastic (Ardila et al. 2015). The system exhibits powerful mm/X-ray flares coinciding with periastron passage, attributed to collisions between the magnetospheres of the binary components. The evidence supporting the magnetsophere collision hypothesis includes the recurrence of synchrotron mmband flaring during 4 periastron encounters (Salter et al. 2008, 2010), the recurrence of soft X-ray flaring in 2 periastron encounters (Getman et al. 2011, 2022a), the timing and energy relationships between the mm and X-ray flares, and the consistency observed between the flare loop size and binary separation (Salter et al. 2010; Getman et al. 2011). Several other young binary systems with high eccentricities have been reported to exhibit enhanced levels of either X-ray, optical/mm, or radio emissions near their periastron passages. Notable examples include ϵ Lupi (Das et al. 2023), a collective study of four binaries (Parenago 523, RX J1622.7-2325 Nw, UZ Tau E, and HD 152404) conducted by Getman et al. (2016), UZ Tau E (K´osp´al et al. 2011), and V773 Tau A (Massi et al. 2008; Adams et al. 2011). In these systems, magnetosphere collision has been proposed as a primary mechanism responsible for generating the magnetic reconnection energy that drives these events. Modelling studies have shown that PMS X-rays have strong impact on disk ionization and chemistry (Glassgold et al. 2000; Alexander et al. 2014). But most studies assume continuous irradiation without considering the high-amplitude variations in flux and spectrum due to super-flares. A few time-dependent calculations show that disk ionization may respond to sudden large Xray flares (Rab et al. 2017; Waggoner & Cleeves 2022). This may already have been seen. One empirical report of ionization variability has emerged: the H13CO+ abundance of IM Lup’s disk jumped up and down by a factor of 2.5 over months (Cleeves et al. 2017). However, since no concurrent X-ray observations were conducted, the exact cause cannot be definitively ascribed to X-ray flaring. The occurrence of large X-ray flares in young stars is relatively rare and unpredictable, displaying a stochastic nature (Getman & Feigelson 2021). However, the presence of predictable X-ray super-flares and accretion outbursts in close proximity to periastron passage makes DQ Tau an extraordinary laboratory for investigating the influence of stellar radiation on the gas-phase ion chemistry within its disk. To achieve this, we conducted a single X-ray observation using the N u STAR telescope, along with multiple short-duration observations using the Swift telescope in the X-ray, UV, and optical wavelengths. These observations were strategically timed near a specific periastron passage of DQ Tau, taking place in July-August 2022. Additionally, we captured multiple snapshots of the non-periastron portion of DQ Tau’s orbit using the Chandra X-ray telescope. However, we encountered unfavorable weather conditions that limited our ALMA observations to a single short session near periastron. The results from this ALMA observation will be presented in a forthcoming paper. u Meanwhile, building upon the X-ray/UV/optical data acquired in 2022 and the previously obtained X-ray/mm data (Salter et al. 2010; Getman et al. 2011, 2022a), our current study is dedicated to further investigating the origins and energetic properties of X-ray flares, along with their corresponding near-ultraviolet (NUV) and optical flare counterparts, observed within the remarkable young binary system DQ Tau. The structure of the paper is outlined as follows: Section 2 provides a detailed description of the data reduction and reduction procedures employed for X-ray, UV, and optical analyses. In Section 3, we present the detection of flares and examine their spectral properties. Section 4 offers a comparison between the X-ray periastron flares observed in DQ Tau and super-flares observed in numerous other PMS stars. Finally, Section 5 delves into a discussion surrounding the origin and energetics of the X-ray flares, as well as their associated NUV and optical counterparts.

Colliding Magnetospheres in The Young High-Eccentricity Binary DQ Tau: Abstract and Intro

INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

Imposter syndrome is a nightmare to tackle. Not only that, but it’s the murderer of hopes and aspirations; “she believed she couldn’t, so she didn’t.” Think about it: if you had no doubts and no fears, how much further along in your career would you be right now? How many chances would you have taken? How many opportunities would you have seized? While it hurts to think about all the shots we didn’t take, it’s the only way to move forward. Helping us conquer imposter syndrome is an Aussie entrepreneur and podcasting sensation: Doone Roisin. Today’s guest interviewee is a true firecracker — she’s an entrepreneur through and through, never failing to make an impression with her effervescent personality, warmth, and down-to-earth attitude. But, as Doone shared in her interview, she wasn’t always so confident. Her own imposter syndrome held her back during school, and it was only once she overcame this self-doubt that her career began to thrive. Let’s take a deep dive into imposter syndrome and how we can overcome it to achieve our goals. Imposter syndrome: where it began In 1978, researchers called The Imposter Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention. They described the phenomenon like this: conducted a study “Women who experience the impostor phenomenon maintain a strong belief that they are not intelligent; in fact, they are convinced that they have fooled anyone who thinks otherwise. For example, students often fantasize that they were mistakenly admitted to graduate school because of an error by the admissions committee. Numerous women graduate students state their high examination scores are due to luck, to misgrading, or to the faulty judgment of professors. Women professionals in our sample feel over evaluated by colleagues and administrators.” The ’70s saw some improvements for women, but it’s no wonder that imposter syndrome was rampant. This was the time when women were breaking through glass ceilings and entering male-dominated fields, only to feel like frauds once they got there (thanks to damaging societal messages). Although we have moved forward since then, we are not perfect and the societal messaging that impacts us (and women) from a young age can still be damaging, and although society as a whole tries to be better, imposter syndrome still very much exists. It’s something that plagued Doone, as well as many other incredible woman entrepreneurs and business leaders. So how do we fix this? Well first, let’s describe it. What is imposter syndrome, exactly? ‘Fraud’ is the perfect way to describe how we feel when we’re crippled by imposter syndrome. We feel like we’re not good enough, that someone will eventually find out that we don’t belong and that we’ve been fooling everyone all along. is a fear of being exposed and failing despite our best efforts. It’s the fear of being ‘found out’ and it can manifest in different ways: Imposter syndrome Doubting our own abilitiesFeeling like a fraud or phonyBelieving that we’re not as good as others think we areThe constant worry that we’ll be exposed as a fraud These fears can lead to anxiety, depression, self-doubt, and even suicide. Imposter syndrome is incredibly damaging and it can hold us back from achieving our goals. Doone Roisin: a true entrepreneurial success story Before delving into some solutions, let’s interlude with a few golden nuggets from my interview with Doone Roisin. Doone Roisin is the founder and host of the popular podcast, . As a digital marketing expert, she’s worked for global brands such as Snapchat, IMG, and The Iconic — Australia’s largest online retailer. As an entrepreneur, she has launched her own companies, including a direct-to-consumer jewelry brand, Kincs, and the educational media company Female Startup Club. Female Startup Club Having interviewed over 160 of the world’s most exciting (and successful!) female entrepreneurs in the last 12 months, she’s on a global mission to motivate, inspire and advance women-in-progress. Talk about women empowerment — that’s quite a lineup of credentials! But where Doone’s story all began might surprise you. From Australian bushland to entrepreneurial success When you think of the stereotypical entrepreneur, who comes to mind? Is it the city-goer who started out with a trust fund and an MBA? A young computer geek who struck it big with the first company he founded? Doone is none of these. Her story starts in the Australian bush, where she was raised without electricity in a town of roughly ninety people. She was the only person in her class at school. “We lived in this tiny pocket of the world on the side of a mountain by a creek. It was circumstantial — not necessarily by choice. And so we had this very unique upbringing…I would say it was more about survival than thriving.” Unfortunately for Doone, this was perhaps the beginnings of her imposter syndrome. “I was a bit embarrassed about that part of my story. I had this weird feeling about it because it seemed like I lived this way when other people didn’t live this way.” Moving into her early teen years, however, Doone was sent away to a private school where she was embraced by new friends and new opportunities. “I was suddenly surrounded by a lot of people who were different to me and had a really different upbringing. And this is where I kind of had this weird shame around the way that I’d been brought up, when compared to the way that these people had been brought up. And then I started to have all these big ambitions.” But it also showed me what was possible. The shift wasn’t without its hardships, though. “For the first six months, I really struggled. I was just out of place, I would say — not in terms of the people surrounding me, because I was welcomed into the school. But it was odd. I guess when you’re in those weird positions, you’ve just gotta find your fate and keep moving forward.” From there, Doone took her hit of inspiration and ran with it — never once looking back. Taking life by the horns Something that struck me about Doone’s story as I interviewed her was the determination with which she charged through life. She resorted to innovation at every turn, whether it was in landing her first job or launching her startup ventures. (Yes, this is where I’ll plug the podcast. If you haven’t given Doone’s story a listen, I really can’t recommend it enough! Find the full clip .) here To give you a general idea, here’s a quick rundown of some of her best efforts: To land an internship at a local magazine, Doone dressed as a delivery person and snuck into the director’s office with her business card and a potplant. Long story short, the director was impressed — and she secured a 12-month internship for her efforts.Several years later, Doone took an unconventional approach to her job application at a graphic design agency. Instead of emailing her portfolio, she turned it into a physical poster — sparkles, paint, and all — and stuck it on the building door. (She got the job).Doone moved to an entirely new city in the space of three weeks in order to pursue a job at fashion startup ICONIC, which is now one of Australia’s largest online clothing retailers. What I see in each of these stories is innovation. It’s the confidence to take risks, to think outside the box, and to hustle for what you want. Remember how I asked what you think of when picturing an entrepreneur? Scrap the spoon-fed MBA graduate and replace them with Doone — a woman who has battled imposter syndrome and come out on top. Solutions for conquering imposter syndrome I know what you’re thinking: where can you find the confidence to paint sparkles on your resume, or to dress up like a delivery person in order to score an internship? This kind of confidence can only be found in the absence of self-doubt, and that’s what I want to focus on for the remainder of this newsletter: how to ditch the imposter syndrome for good. The power of self-belief Often, we underestimate just how important it is to believe in ourselves. It’s probably because ‘believe in yourself!’ is such an overused phrase that it has become cheesy at best, dismissive at worst. But the truth is, You could have your whole family backing you, along with all of your friends — an entire army of people who believe in your ability to succeed — but if you don’t believe in yourself, it won’t matter. self-belief is essential for achieving success. Think back to a time when you were thoroughly prepared for a task, but your self-doubt got the better of you. A common example is speech making: you might have rehearsed your presentation a hundred times, but as soon as you walk onto the stage, all of that preparation goes out the window. The nerves take over, and all of your carefully planned words desert you. That’s imposter syndrome in action: the voice in your head that tells you that you’re not good enough, that you’re a fraud, and that someone is going to catch on sooner or later. Increasing self-belief: step-by-step If your self-esteem is at an all-time low, don’t panic. It’s not an overnight process, but with a bit of effort, you can start to increase your self-belief. Here are a few ideas to get you started: 1. Recognize and reflect upon your achievements. For high-achievers in particular, past successes often get brushed to the wayside in favor of focusing on what still needs to be done. But it’s important to take a step back and reflect on all the things you’ve already achieved. It could be something as simple as getting up on time every day for the past week or completing a project at work ahead of schedule. Once you’ve recognized your achievements, take some time to reflect on why they were successful. What did you do that was different this time? What can you replicate in the future? 2. Adopt a growth mindset. Have you heard of a growth mindset? It’s the belief that , as opposed to a fixed mindset which believes that you are born with a certain level of intelligence and abilities which cannot be changed. intelligence and abilities can be developed over time between those with a fixed mindset and imposter syndrome. This makes sense: if you believe you have no hope of improving or developing, failure is a paralyzing thought. Research shows a clear link On the other hand, those with a growth mindset see failure as an opportunity to learn and grow. They’re more likely to take risks because they know that even if they fail, they can always learn from their mistakes. 3. Fake it until you make it. Let’s learn from Doone on this one. If you don’t believe in yourself, act like you do. This is a technique often used by high-achievers, and it’s based on the idea that your behaviors eventually become habits. So if you act confident, even when you don’t feel it, over time that confidence will start to become a reality. This is a great strategy for public speaking, networking, and any other situation where you feel your self-doubt creeping in. 4. Surround yourself with positive people. As the saying goes, ‘you are the average of the five people you spend the most time with’. If you want to be successful, it’s important to surround yourself with people who have a positive outlook on life and who believe in your ability to achieve great things. This can be difficult if you don’t have any close friends or family members who fall into this category, but there are plenty of online communities and forums where you can find like-minded individuals. 5. Use visualization techniques. Visualization is a technique often used by athletes and businesspeople alike, and there’s a good reason for that: it works. The premise is simple: you picture yourself achieving your desired outcome, in as much detail as possible. This could be a video clip of yourself giving a presentation and receiving applause from the audience, or it could be a snapshot of you celebrating after completing a marathon. The more detail you can include in your visualization, the better. The aim is to create an experience that’s so real, it feels like you’re living it. These are just a few strategies to start you off on your journey to conquering imposter syndrome. But remember, it’s not an easy process — and it takes time and effort to see results. So be patient, stay positive, and keep working at it. Wrap-Up As someone in the entrepreneurial space, imposter syndrome isn’t a new concept to me — but it’s one I love to talk about. I hate to think of all the brilliant minds that have never reached their full potential because they’ve been held back by self-doubt. I hope this article has given you some tools to start increasing your self-belief. Remember, it’s a process. These things are often deeply rooted in the way you were raised and the things you were taught to believe about yourself. But it’s never too late to start changing your mindset, and with a bit of effort, you can start to see results. And if you need a bit of extra inspiration? Doone’s interview is a blast, I can assure you. Check it out . here Until next time! Also Published Here

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