Velocity, A Managed Services Company offers a comprehensive suite of technology solutions and support services. Let our team of experts build the perfect IT solution for your business.

Velocity - Managed Solutions Provider - IT Solutions & Support

Velocity Global lets you hire, pay, and manage talent in 185+ countries. Simplify global HR and manage global teams with our best-in-class technology and expertise.

Global HR Platform for Distributed Teams | Velocity Global

Velocity, A Managed Solutions Company | 2,492 followers on LinkedIn. Technology solutions and service provider of voice, data, and network connectivity for multi-location enterprises. | Founded in 2005, Velocity is a technology managed solution provider for voice, data, wi-fi, POTS IN A BOX®, ...

Velocity, A Managed Solutions Company | LinkedIn

Velocity Companies provides a full spectrum of commercial and residential real estate services. Our firm is built to service our clients’ biggest challenges. Through our industry expertise, market awareness, opportunity sourcing, and key financial and community relationships, our clients ...

The Velocity Companies – A Real Estate Development Company

Velocity Solutions industry-leading platform uses machine-led intelligence that delivers powerful analytics and drives revenue, loans, account holder engagement and non-interest income to our client financial institutions.

Home - Velocity Solutions

Velocity Global helps you effortlessly hire and onboard talent, no matter where they are. Meet our team and learn how we simplify work anywhere.

Our Company | Velocity Global

With Velocity you can develop locally in your IDE, build, run, and debug directly on your cloud. Make changes and debug services that are running in complex, Kubernetes-based environments straight from your favorite IDE.

Velocity - Cloud Development Environment

Navisite today announced that it has acquired Velocity Technology Solutions, Inc. (“Velocity”), a global cloud managed service provider (MSP).

Velocity is Now Navisite - Navisite

Founded in 2014 on the principle ... asset, Velocity deploys cutting edge technologies and human experts to transform how high performance people discover and enjoy their world. We help our members do and be more in the digital age. ‍ Backed by $28 million in venture capital, we are one of the world’s fastest growing companies according ...

About Velocity

Velocity Clinical Research is the world’s leading organization of fully integrated research sites. The company partners with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to research new drugs, medical devices, and diagnostics that could improve human health and wellbeing.

Velocity Clinical Research - Clinical Trial Site Organization

We help high performance people unlock the vast potential of their lives in the digital age. Welcome to concierge, reimagined.

Velocity Black - the ultimate membership for an extraordinary life

Founded in 2004, Velocity Financial is now recognized as a market leader in the origination and management of investor real estate loans and serves over 2,500 independent mortgage brokers in 46 states. Our strong brand recognition among mortgage brokers, proprietary technology, vertically ...

Homepage | Velocity Financial LLC

Velocity Specialty Insurance Company (“Velocity Specialty”) is an AM Best (A-) rated E&amp;S Carrier writing middle market and small to medium business risks in catastrophe exposed areas through brokers, agents, and Velocity Risk Underwriters, LLC (“Velocity Risk”). Velocity Risk also acts ...

Velocity Specialty

See Instagram photos and videos from The Velocity Companies (@thevelocitycompanies)

The Velocity Companies (@thevelocitycompanies)

Velocity offers revenue based financing to D2C and eCommerce brands in India. Get flexible growth capital upto Rs.3 Crore for your business in just 7 days. Apply today!

Velocity - India’s Largest Revenue Based Financing Platform

The Velocity Company has been helping small businesses succeed since 2002 and has expanded to become the industry leader in small business solutions, media, and events. Assisting over 20,000 small businesses since our inception, we know the needs of Main Street America.

Home | My Site

However, financing for these firms ... economy companies. Estimates say that less than 3 per cent of digital-first businesses in India have secured venture capital, and an even smaller fraction, less than 0.5 per cent, have opted for venture debt. And that&#x27;s precisely what Abhiroop Medhekar, Atul K., and Saurav Swaroop wanted to address: the gap between the funding requirements of new-age businesses and finance availability. And so the idea for Velocity was ...

Velocity | LinkedIn

Velocity is super amazing. Great customer service, and a fantastic team to ensure everything is taken care of. Amber is absolutely wonderful to work with and makes things simple! Would recommend Velocity to all companies looking for Delivery services!

Velocity - Modern Day Logistics Made Simple

Velocity.Partners is an industry agnostic Venture Capital fund. Our mission is to fuel Greek entrepreneurs around the globe build world-class technology companies.

Velocity.Partners Venture Capital

Peter Thiel’s Valar Ventures has doubled down its bet on Velocity, which operates a revenue-based financing platform for e-commerce and direct-to-consumer

Velocity, a revenue-based financing platform in India, raises $20 ...

Get the most recent info and news about Velocity on HackerNoon, where 10k+ technologists publish stories for 4M+ monthly readers.

Velocity delivers a streamlined, single-source approach to managed services for over 15 years – continually earning the trust of its growing client base in the retail, hospitality and motion picture industries. With an in-house team of seasoned software development and engineering experts and numerous hardware and software design and utility patents, Velocity offers highly customized, customer-focused and best-in-class solutions, by integrating the latest technologies available into all its product offerings. Based in Holland, Ohio, right outside of Toledo, and founded in 2005, Velocity is a privately held company with approximately 500 employees. The company has nine redundant data centers, more than 5,500 certified technicians throughout the U.S., and 450 carrier agreements and is a CLEC in all 50 states. Further information can be found at www.velocitymsc.com.

Velocity

By Professional Scrum Trainer, , ILLIA Pavlichenko Scrum.org In this article, I will discuss the dangerous dynamic that can arise when a Product Owner, Scrum Master, or the management of an organization focuses a Development Team on velocity. What does velocity refer to? The concept of velocity signifies: The speed at which a Development Team converts Product Backlog Items into a Product Increment that is RELEASABLE. Pay particular attention to the highlighted word. Feature velocity is applicable when a Development Team can deliver an Increment that is releasable at least once per Sprint. In this case, Done = DoD = releasable. Awesome! But even in this case velocity does not show: Whether the client’s problem was resolved. Whether team is working on the highest priority problems. Amount of value delivered. Level of client satisfaction. Velocity only shows that the team was busy with something. But is this an accurate measure of the success of the products and services? Do the clients value products based on how busy company’s staff are? To put it another way, Velocity reflects the volume of a Development Team’s output. Unfortunately, this is not enough for the creation of successful products and services. The feature velocity of component teams = 0 Component teams have the most stable feature velocity. Because it always equals zero. Component teams are by definition not able to convert Product Backlog Items into value for a client. At a minimum they need integration with other component teams. When a team has Undone work In my opinion, the most dangerous dynamic arises in cases where a Development Team is not capable of generating a Product Increment that is releasable each Sprint. This means that Done = DoD + Undone and team optimizes just the part of the whole flow. Let us examine a system diagram that shows the link between the strength of DoD and organizational agility. The stronger the DoD, the smaller Undone work in the Sprint. Undone work limits the team regarding the number of potential releases, and, as a result, also regarding the amount of feedback that can be received from the market. The more feedback, the more decisions can be made by the Product Owner on the re-ordering of a Product Backlog. That could be called organizational agility — being able to quickly change the direction of a Product’s development. This may prompt a Scrum Team to undertake additional improvements to create an even stronger and more exhaustive DoD. d By strengthening the DoD, velocity decreases an becomes real How is the strengthening of a DoD reflected in velocity? The velocity will decrease at least in the short term. But this is not a problem if the goal is flow optimization (shortest Lead Time), learning and agility. Velocity decreases and becomes more real! But how likely is it that a Development Team would strengthen the DoD, if they know that team effectiveness is evaluated according to the velocity? My answer is unlikely. Focus on velocity keeps the team away from strengthening their DoD. As a result, that inhibits feedback from market, learning and agility. Focusing on velocity inhibits organizational agility. When I was a young and an inexperienced Scrum Master many years ago, I focused my teams on velocity excessively, which reduced their agility and increased the amount of Undone work. Nowadays, my advice to Scrum Masters who are just starting out goes something like this: Forget about velocity, if your team cannot produce an increment that is releasable at least every Sprint. Focus on strengthening your DoD first. What should we measure then? I recommend focusing on metrics that show the ability to deliver actual value to the market and satisfy client’s needs. For example, Scrum.org has developed framework , and is offering a range of metrics that shows: Evidence-Based Management A team’s ability to create value in the long term The speed at which value is generated (Time 2 Market). How much actual value is delivered to the market. n In conclusio I would like to repeat once more the fundamental idea that I want to convey with this article. The basic idea of a Scrum is to create an increment that is releasable at least every Sprint. If your team is already at that stage, then the concept of velocity is useful and genuinely demonstrates the speed at which a team converts Product Backlog Item elements into an increment. If not, please focus on strengthening Definition of Done (DoD) and flow optimization. The Article’s Main Ideas Velocity denotes the speed at which a Development Team converts Product Backlog Items into a Product Increment that is releasable. Velocity does not show whether clients’ problems are being resolved, nor whether value is being delivered, as reflects volume of output. Velocity only shows that a team was busy with something. The feature velocity of component teams is always zero. When team focuses on velocity and has Undone, it is unlikely they would strengthen the DoD. Focusing on velocity inhibits organizational agility. Focus on the value that is actually delivered to the market. Scrum ON! Originally published at agilix.nl on February 15, 2019.

Why focus on Velocity inhibits Agility

I don’t know about you — but when you talk about stocks, or markets, or funds — the general rule of thumb is: Past performance is not an indicator of future outcomes. Have you noticed that is software engineering, we tend to this advice? We tend to use our to our and our . We like to look at to determine what we can achieve within the . Why do we ignore this commonly accepted rule of thumb from finance? Are humans and our efforts really more predictable than a market? I don’t think so — but I’ll dig deeper. ignore current velocity calculate next velocity future velocities past performance next sprint/quarter/year Recording Velocity One of the things you’ll find most “ ” teams doing is recording . If it’s not the team, it’ll be the . It’s their job to give some security to a business and be able to say what they think they can while . Velocity is normally (from experience) regarded as the number of your team can get “ ” in a sprint. Basically, you record this over time to get to a point where you can predict what the deal will be able to achieve next sprint (and beyond). agile velocity PO (Product Owner) achieve minimizing risk story points done P.S. I put done in quotes because every team’s definition of done is different. Your team needs to figure this out for yourself. Some previous definition of done’s I’ve had are: Merged to master. QA tested. Deployed to live. Development finished. Story points? Story points are of the required for a story. They should be associated with a . Obviously, there are to every rule. When you’re first estimating, you’ll probably end up using . But it should be a direct conversion. Generally, I’ve used T-Shirt size estimates and sometimes they have numbers associated with those sizes. You add up all your story points done and that will give you the velocity for that week. very rough estimates effort never time exceptions days not one-to-one XS, S, M, L (after large, the stories should be broken up), XL, XXL, XXXL etc. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, etc. Is Velocity Meaningful? Normally, when a member joins a team (or leaves), it’ll probably take around for velocity to . Why’s that? Because it takes a time for a team to build and to measure their performance accurately for their products. So, while you can record velocity, it probably until your team builds the trust. That said, it is good to keep at it during this first six months to build up the trust in the numbers. But can you ever trust the numbers completely? They’re just rough guides remember. Some stories might have hidden complexity. Over time, your team will figure this out and your estimates will improve. 6 months stabilize long trust won’t mean anything Using Velocity — what does it mean? You can’t compare two teams’ velocities. It just won’t work. One team may and one team may . will have for the teams. So why would you even use them? In my team at Agoda, rather than the PO (Product Owner) say what will be completed in a quarter to management, we work the PO to determine our past quarter’s velocity and can use that to give an of what we’ll get done next quarter. This means that you have ample stories in the backlog estimated. underestimate overestimate Story points different meanings with approximation Now, this does not mean that you’ll work day and night to complete what you committed to. No. This means that you can manage expectations of management and the team. PO’s are always coming up with ideas and changing plans. Guess what? You can (based on your estimates) stories out of your commitments if your PO changes plans all the time. You can say “if you add this story — it will probably remove the bottom two from the quarterly goals. Are you okay with that?”. The PO will most likely answer yes and you aren’t stuck with unmanageable goals. kick To Sum it All Up is a funny metric that be across an organisation. You can to use velocity to future commitments and/or sprints, but that doesn’t mean that it’ll be 100% accurate. Plans change all the time. People will come and go from your teams. However, it can be useful to predict what features you might want to include and how to them. You should use story points and time to base your estimates. Story points should not be related to time, but to effort. Lastly, figure out what your “done” is. Velocity cannot consistent try predict roughly prioritise not Originally published at www.alexaitken.nz on July 9, 2018.

Past Velocity and Prediction

Bybit's Web3 operations have been a driving force in the NFT industry, notably with the amazing success of the 2023 Velocity Series. This achievement has been particularly noteworthy. We are ecstatic to have the opportunity to discuss the effect of the series, the exciting new partnerships that are scheduled for 2024, and your vision for the future of NFTs. Ishan Pandey: The 2023 Velocity Series, a collaboration with Oracle Red Bull Racing, truly merged speed, technology, and art. Can you elaborate on the genesis of this project? Emily: Yes. Here at Bybit Web3, we are firm believers that cooperation is the most important factor in driving forward the NFT business. By exhibiting the convergence of the thrilling world of Formula One with the inventiveness of prominent digital artists, the Velocity Series exemplified this principle at its core. The Velocity Series showcased the limitless possibilities that can be achieved when different industries come together to collaborate. A one-of-a-kind Web3 experience that was based on the RB19 racing vehicle was made possible by our collaboration with Oracle Red Bull Racing. Ishan Pandey: The series featured renowned artists like Erick Snowfro and Jack Butcher. How did Bybit Web3 foster their artistic expression and connect them with a wider audience? Emily: We partnered with AOI, a renowned art and technology foundation, to assemble four visionary artists – Rik Oostenbroek, Per Kristian, Erick Snowfro, and Jack Butcher. Each artist created a unique NFT collection inspired by Formula One, coinciding with specific races throughout the season. Rik Oostenbroek: Captured the essence of speed and fluidity, amassing 70 ETH.

Explore Rik's Collection and dive deeper into the Speed, Art, and NFTs convergence.


Per Kristian Stoveland: Brought nature into the digital realm, garnering 115 ETH.

Delve into Per Kristian's World.


Erick Snowfro: Pushed the boundaries of abstract digital art, attracting 288 ETH.

__Embark on Snowfro's Artistic Odyssey __and view the collection here.


Jack Butcher: Revolutionized the digital collectible market with his "Trademark" collection, achieving an incredible 952 ETH.


__Experience Jack Butcher's Vision __and explore the __Dutch Auction __and Open Edition pieces. Bybit Web3 provided these artists with a global platform to showcase their work. We offered extensive marketing and promotional support, ensuring the series garnered significant attention within the NFT community. Ishan Pandey: Emily, with the Velocity Series 1.0 hailed as a monumental success, can you share what's new and exciting with the upcoming Velocity Series 2.0? Emily: Absolutely, Ishan. Building on the incredible momentum of the 2023 Velocity Series, we're elevating the experience with Velocity Series 2.0. This year, we're introducing "Data Driven Art," a novel concept that blends the thrill of racing with the creativity of digital art, all inspired by the achievements of the iconic RB20 F1 car. Another groundbreaking innovation we're excited about is the launch of fractional NFTs on the DN-404 protocol, a first in the industry. These fractional NFTs make ownership more accessible, allowing a wider audience to participate in our unique digital art collections. Ishan Pandey: That sounds like a significant leap forward. Can you delve a little deeper into the specifics of the Series 2.0 Pass sale and what it offers to fans and collectors? Emily: The Series 2.0 Pass sale, kicking off on April 12th, 2023, at 2PM UTC, promises an array of exclusive benefits. We're releasing an additional 1,000 passes, bringing the total to 2,000, to meet the overwhelming demand. Pass holders will gain access to three exclusive NFT artwork drops by world-renowned artists throughout 2024, along with token-gated activations and experiences related to the series. There’s also the exciting chance to win real-life prizes through our raffles. It's an opportunity for fans to deepen their connection with the world of Formula One and digital art like never before. Ishan Pandey: Beyond artistic exposure, the Velocity Series demonstrably broadened the collector base. Can you share some success stories? Emily: Erick Snowfro: Exposing New Audiences to Artistic Brilliance – A staggering 92% of collectors for his /// collection were newcomers to his work. Snowfro, a renowned digital sculptor, used 3D modeling and animation to create a captivating series that captured the essence of movement and speed. (Insert image of Erick Snowfro's /// collection here) This achievement highlights the series' ability to introduce talented artists to a fresh audience of enthusiasts. Snowfro's work resonated deeply with collectors unfamiliar with his previous work, demonstrating the power of the NFT space to expose new audiences to established artists. Jack Butcher: Democratizing Digital Art Ownership – Approximately 84% of collectors for his "Trademark" collection were first-time Butcher owners. Butcher, a pioneer in generative art, utilized his signature algorithmically generated style to create a dynamic collection that explored themes of branding and identity. (Insert image of Jack Butcher's "Trademark" collection here) The "Trademark" collection's innovative approach and accessible pricing structure attracted a new wave of collectors to the NFT space. By offering a variety of ownership tiers, Bybit Web3 made it possible for more people to participate in the NFT market, fostering a more inclusive and vibrant community. Ishan Pandey: Looking back, what were some key takeaways from the 2023 Velocity Series that Bybit Web3 will leverage for 2024? Emily: The series offered valuable insights on designing for multi-fan participation. We learned that seasoned collectors appreciate references and expansions on existing IP/universes, while beginners benefit from publicly available collections. Additionally, content creator remix competitions with merch integration, like Snowfro's with Joyn.XYZ, proved highly successful. Ishan Pandey: The theme for Velocity Series 2024 is "Data-Driven Ark." Can you give us a sneak peek into what to expect? Emily: We're incredibly excited about Velocity Series 2.0! This year, we're embracing the future of NFTs with a focus on innovation and decentralization. Here are some key highlights: Collaboration: We have a thrilling collaboration lined up, but it's still under wraps! Stay tuned for an exciting announcement soon.
New NFT Standards: We'll be exploring the potential of ERC-404 tokens, a revolutionary standard that combines fungible and non-fungible token characteristics. This paves the way for exciting possibilities like fractionalized NFT ownership.
Full DEX Experience: Bybit Web3 is committed to a decentralized NFT future. We'll leverage our own decentralized NFT and inscription marketplaces to provide a complete DEX experience. Bybit Web3 is at the forefront of shaping the NFT landscape. We are certain that Velocity Series 2.0 will be even more revolutionary than its predecessor since it will place a greater emphasis on community development, creativity, and collaboration. There is no denying that decentralization will be the future of non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and Bybit Web3 is in an excellent position to do so. Ishan Pandey: Emily, I am grateful to you for sharing these eye-opening ideas. Our anticipation for the upcoming installment in the Velocity Series is palpable. Don’t forget to like and share the story! Vested Interest Disclosure: This author is an independent contributor publishing via our brand-as-author program. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR Bybit's Web3 operations have been a driving force in the NFT industry, notably with the amazing success of the 2023 Velocity Series. This achievement has been particularly noteworthy. We are ecstatic to have the opportunity to discuss the effect of the series, the exciting new partnerships that are scheduled for 2024, and your vision for the future of NFTs. NFTs. Ishan Pandey: The 2023 Velocity Series, a collaboration with Oracle Red Bull Racing, truly merged speed, technology, and art. Can you elaborate on the genesis of this project? Ishan Pandey: The 2023 Velocity Series, a collaboration with Oracle Red Bull Racing, truly merged speed, technology, and art. Can you elaborate on the genesis of this project? Emily: Yes. Here at Bybit Web3, we are firm believers that cooperation is the most important factor in driving forward the NFT business. By exhibiting the convergence of the thrilling world of Formula One with the inventiveness of prominent digital artists, the Velocity Series exemplified this principle at its core. The Velocity Series showcased the limitless possibilities that can be achieved when different industries come together to collaborate. Emily: A one-of-a-kind Web3 experience that was based on the RB19 racing vehicle was made possible by our collaboration with Oracle Red Bull Racing. Ishan Pandey: The series featured renowned artists like Erick Snowfro and Jack Butcher. How did Bybit Web3 foster their artistic expression and connect them with a wider audience? Ishan Pandey: The series featured renowned artists like Erick Snowfro and Jack Butcher. How did Bybit Web3 foster their artistic expression and connect them with a wider audience? Emily: We partnered with AOI, a renowned art and technology foundation, to assemble four visionary artists – Rik Oostenbroek, Per Kristian, Erick Snowfro, and Jack Butcher. Each artist created a unique NFT collection inspired by Formula One, coinciding with specific races throughout the season. Emily: Rik Oostenbroek: Captured the essence of speed and fluidity, amassing 70 ETH.

Explore Rik's Collection and dive deeper into the Speed, Art, and NFTs convergence. Per Kristian Stoveland: Brought nature into the digital realm, garnering 115 ETH.

Delve into Per Kristian's World. Erick Snowfro: Pushed the boundaries of abstract digital art, attracting 288 ETH.

__Embark on Snowfro's Artistic Odyssey __and view the collection here. Jack Butcher: Revolutionized the digital collectible market with his "Trademark" collection, achieving an incredible 952 ETH.


__Experience Jack Butcher's Vision __and explore the __Dutch Auction __and Open Edition pieces. Rik Oostenbroek: Captured the essence of speed and fluidity, amassing 70 ETH. Explore Rik's Collection and dive deeper into the Speed, Art, and NFTs convergence. Explore Rik's Collection and dive deeper into the Speed, Art, and NFTs convergence. Explore Rik's Collection and dive deeper into the Speed, Art, and NFTs convergence. Explore Rik's Collection Rik's Collection Speed, Art, and NFTs convergence . Speed, Art, and NFTs convergence Per Kristian Stoveland: Brought nature into the digital realm, garnering 115 ETH. Delve into Per Kristian's World. Delve into Per Kristian's World. Delve into Per Kristian's World. Delve into Per Kristian's World . Delve into Per Kristian's World Erick Snowfro: Pushed the boundaries of abstract digital art, attracting 288 ETH. __Embark on Snowfro's Artistic Odyssey __and view the collection here. __Embark on Snowfro's Artistic Odyssey __and view the collection here. __ Embark on Snowfro's Artistic Odyssey __and view the collection here. Embark on Snowfro's Artistic Odyssey view the collection here . view the collection here Jack Butcher: Revolutionized the digital collectible market with his "Trademark" collection, achieving an incredible 952 ETH. __Experience Jack Butcher's Vision __and explore the __Dutch Auction __and Open Edition pieces. __Experience Jack Butcher's Vision __and explore the __Dutch Auction __and Open Edition pieces. __Experience Jack Butcher's Vision __and explore the __Dutch Auction __and Open Edition pieces. __ Experience Jack Butcher's Vision __and explore the __ Dutch Auction __and Open Edition pieces. Experience Jack Butcher's Vision Dutch Auction Open Edition pieces . Open Edition pieces Bybit Web3 provided these artists with a global platform to showcase their work. We offered extensive marketing and promotional support, ensuring the series garnered significant attention within the NFT community. Ishan Pandey: Emily, with the Velocity Series 1.0 hailed as a monumental success, can you share what's new and exciting with the upcoming Velocity Series 2.0? Ishan Pandey: Emily, with the Velocity Series 1.0 hailed as a monumental success, can you share what's new and exciting with the upcoming Velocity Series 2.0? Ishan Pandey: Emily, with the Velocity Series 1.0 hailed as a monumental success, can you share what's new and exciting with the upcoming Velocity Series 2.0? Emily: Absolutely, Ishan. Building on the incredible momentum of the 2023 Velocity Series, we're elevating the experience with Velocity Series 2.0. This year, we're introducing "Data Driven Art," a novel concept that blends the thrill of racing with the creativity of digital art, all inspired by the achievements of the iconic RB20 F1 car. Another groundbreaking innovation we're excited about is the launch of fractional NFTs on the DN-404 protocol, a first in the industry. These fractional NFTs make ownership more accessible, allowing a wider audience to participate in our unique digital art collections. Emily: Ishan Pandey: That sounds like a significant leap forward. Can you delve a little deeper into the specifics of the Series 2.0 Pass sale and what it offers to fans and collectors? Ishan Pandey: That sounds like a significant leap forward. Can you delve a little deeper into the specifics of the Series 2.0 Pass sale and what it offers to fans and collectors? Ishan Pandey: That sounds like a significant leap forward. Can you delve a little deeper into the specifics of the Series 2.0 Pass sale and what it offers to fans and collectors? Emily: The Series 2.0 Pass sale, kicking off on April 12th, 2023, at 2PM UTC, promises an array of exclusive benefits. We're releasing an additional 1,000 passes, bringing the total to 2,000, to meet the overwhelming demand. Pass holders will gain access to three exclusive NFT artwork drops by world-renowned artists throughout 2024, along with token-gated activations and experiences related to the series. There’s also the exciting chance to win real-life prizes through our raffles. It's an opportunity for fans to deepen their connection with the world of Formula One and digital art like never before. Emily: Ishan Pandey: Beyond artistic exposure, the Velocity Series demonstrably broadened the collector base. Can you share some success stories? Ishan Pandey: Beyond artistic exposure, the Velocity Series demonstrably broadened the collector base. Can you share some success stories? Emily: Erick Snowfro: Exposing New Audiences to Artistic Brilliance – A staggering 92% of collectors for his /// collection were newcomers to his work. Snowfro, a renowned digital sculptor, used 3D modeling and animation to create a captivating series that captured the essence of movement and speed. (Insert image of Erick Snowfro's /// collection here) This achievement highlights the series' ability to introduce talented artists to a fresh audience of enthusiasts. Snowfro's work resonated deeply with collectors unfamiliar with his previous work, demonstrating the power of the NFT space to expose new audiences to established artists. Emily: Jack Butcher: Democratizing Digital Art Ownership – Approximately 84% of collectors for his "Trademark" collection were first-time Butcher owners. Butcher, a pioneer in generative art, utilized his signature algorithmically generated style to create a dynamic collection that explored themes of branding and identity. (Insert image of Jack Butcher's "Trademark" collection here) The "Trademark" collection's innovative approach and accessible pricing structure attracted a new wave of collectors to the NFT space. By offering a variety of ownership tiers, Bybit Web3 made it possible for more people to participate in the NFT market, fostering a more inclusive and vibrant community. Ishan Pandey: Looking back, what were some key takeaways from the 2023 Velocity Series that Bybit Web3 will leverage for 2024? Ishan Pandey: Looking back, what were some key takeaways from the 2023 Velocity Series that Bybit Web3 will leverage for 2024? Emily: The series offered valuable insights on designing for multi-fan participation. We learned that seasoned collectors appreciate references and expansions on existing IP/universes, while beginners benefit from publicly available collections. Additionally, content creator remix competitions with merch integration, like Snowfro's with Joyn.XYZ, proved highly successful. Emily: Ishan Pandey: The theme for Velocity Series 2024 is "Data-Driven Ark." Can you give us a sneak peek into what to expect? Ishan Pandey: The theme for Velocity Series 2024 is "Data-Driven Ark." Can you give us a sneak peek into what to expect? Emily: We're incredibly excited about Velocity Series 2.0! This year, we're embracing the future of NFTs with a focus on innovation and decentralization. Here are some key highlights: Emily: Collaboration: We have a thrilling collaboration lined up, but it's still under wraps! Stay tuned for an exciting announcement soon. New NFT Standards: We'll be exploring the potential of ERC-404 tokens, a revolutionary standard that combines fungible and non-fungible token characteristics. This paves the way for exciting possibilities like fractionalized NFT ownership. Full DEX Experience: Bybit Web3 is committed to a decentralized NFT future. We'll leverage our own decentralized NFT and inscription marketplaces to provide a complete DEX experience. Collaboration: We have a thrilling collaboration lined up, but it's still under wraps! Stay tuned for an exciting announcement soon. New NFT Standards: We'll be exploring the potential of ERC-404 tokens, a revolutionary standard that combines fungible and non-fungible token characteristics. This paves the way for exciting possibilities like fractionalized NFT ownership. Full DEX Experience: Bybit Web3 is committed to a decentralized NFT future. We'll leverage our own decentralized NFT and inscription marketplaces to provide a complete DEX experience. Bybit Web3 is at the forefront of shaping the NFT landscape. We are certain that Velocity Series 2.0 will be even more revolutionary than its predecessor since it will place a greater emphasis on community development, creativity, and collaboration. There is no denying that decentralization will be the future of non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and Bybit Web3 is in an excellent position to do so. Ishan Pandey: Emily, I am grateful to you for sharing these eye-opening ideas. Our anticipation for the upcoming installment in the Velocity Series is palpable. Ishan Pandey: Emily, I am grateful to you for sharing these eye-opening ideas. Our anticipation for the upcoming installment in the Velocity Series is palpable. Don’t forget to like and share the story! Vested Interest Disclosure: This author is an independent contributor publishing via our brand-as-author program. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR Vested Interest Disclosure: This author is an independent contributor publishing via our brand-as-author program. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR Vested Interest Disclosure: Vested Interest Disclosure: This author is an independent contributor publishing via our brand-as-author program. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR

Bybit Revs Up the NFT Market with Data-Driven Velocity Series 2.0

বাইবিট ডেটা-চালিত বেগ সিরিজ 2.0 সহ NFT বাজারকে উত্থাপন করে৷

Bybit bringt den NFT-Markt mit der datengesteuerten Velocity Series 2.0 in Schwung

Bybit acelera el mercado NFT con Data-Driven Velocity Series 2.0

Bybit relance le marché NFT avec Data-Driven Velocity Series 2.0

बायबिट ने डेटा-ड्रिवेन वेलोसिटी सीरीज 2.0 के साथ एनएफटी बाजार को बढ़ावा दिया

Bybit、データ駆動型Velocityシリーズ2.0でNFT市場を活性化

Bybit, 데이터 기반 Velocity 시리즈 2.0으로 NFT 시장 활성화

Bybit acelera o mercado NFT com Data-Driven Velocity Series 2.0

Bybit расширяет рынок NFT с помощью Data-Driven Velocity Series 2.0

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Bybit 通过数据驱动的 Velocity Series 2.0 加速 NFT 市场

The TechBeat: Why Predictability Trumps Velocity in Software Engineering (11/15/2023)

On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures by Charles Babbage is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Increase and Diminution of Velocity here Chapter 4. Increase and Diminution of Velocity 32. The fatigue produced on the muscles of the human frame does not altogether depend on the actual force employed in each effort, but partly on the frequency with which it is exerted. The exertion necessary to accomplish every operation consists of two parts: one of these is the expenditure of force which is necessary to drive the tool or instrument; and the other is the effort required for the motion of some limb of the animal producing the action. In driving a nail into a piece of wood, one of these is lifting the hammer, and propelling its head against the nail; the other is, raising the arm itself, and moving it in order to use the hammer. If the weight of the hammer is considerable, the former part will cause the greatest portion of the exertion. If the hammer is light, the exertion of raising the arm will produce the greatest part of the fatigue. It does therefore happen, that operations requiring very trifling force, if frequently repeated, will tire more effectually than more laborious work. There is also a degree of rapidity beyond which the action of the muscles cannot be pressed. 33. The most advantageous load for a porter who carries wood up stairs on his shoulders, has been investigated by M. Coulomb; but he found from experiment that a man walking up stairs without any load, and raising his burden by means of his own weight in descending, could do as much work in one day, as four men employed in the ordinary way with the most favourable load. 34. The proportion between the velocity with which men or animals move, and the weights they carry, is a matter of considerable importance, particularly in military affairs. It is also of great importance for the economy of labour, to adjust the weight of that part of the animal's body which is moved, the weight of the tool it urges, and the frequency of repetition of these efforts, so as to produce the greatest effect. An instance of the saving of time by making the same motion of the arm execute two operations instead of one, occurs in the simple art of making the tags of bootlaces: these tags are formed out of very thin, tinned, sheet-iron, and were formerly cut out of long strips of that material into pieces of such a breadth that when bent round they just enclosed the lace. Two pieces of steel have recently been fixed to the side of the shears, by which each piece of tinned-iron as soon as it is cut is bent into a semi-cylindrical form. The additional power required for this operation is almost imperceptible, and it is executed by the same motion of the arm which produces the cut. The work is usually performed by women and children; and with the improved tool more than three times the quantity of tags is produced in a given time.(1*) 35. Whenever the work is itself light, it becomes necessary, in order to economize time, to increase the velocity. Twisting the fibres of wool by the fingers would be a most tedious operation: in the common spinning-wheel the velocity of the foot is moderate, but by a very simple contrivance that of the thread is most rapid. A piece of catgut passing round a large wheel, and then round a small spindle, effects this change. This contrivance is common to a multitude of machines, some of them very simple. In large shops for the retail of ribands, it is necessary at short intervals to 'take stock', that is, to measure and rewind every piece of riband, an operation which, even with this mode of shortening it, is sufficiently tiresome, but without it would be almost impossible from its expense. The small balls of sewing cotton, so cheap and so beautifully wound, are formed by a machine on the same principle, and but a few steps more complicated. 36. In turning from the smaller instruments in frequent use to the larger and more important machines, the economy arising from the increase of velocity becomes more striking. In converting cast into wrought-iron, a mass of metal, of about a hundredweight, is heated almost to white heat, and placed under a heavy hammer moved by water or steam power. This is raised by a projection on a revolving axis; and if the hammer derived its momentum only from the space through which it fell, it would require a considerably greater time to give a blow. But as it is important that the softened mass of red-hot iron should receive as many blows as possible before it cools, the form of the cam or projection on the axis is such, that the hammer, instead of being lifted to a small height, is thrown up with a jerk, and almost the instant after it strikes against a large beam, which acts as a powerful spring, and drives it down on the iron with such velocity that by these means about double the number of strokes can be made in a given time. In the smaller tilt-hammers, this is carried still further by striking the tail of the tilt-hammer forcibly against a small steel anvil, it rebounds with such velocity, that from three to five hundred strokes are made in a minute. In the manufacture of anchors, an art in which a similar contrivance is of still greater importance, it has only been recently applied. 37. In the manufacture of scythes, the length of the blade renders it necessary that the workman should move readily, so as to bring every part of it on the anvil in quick succession. This is effected by placing him in a seat suspended by ropes from the ceiling: so that he is enabled, with little bodily exertion, to vary his distance, by pressing his feet against the block which supports the anvil, or against the floor. 38. An increase of velocity is sometimes necessary to render operations possible: thus a person may skate with great rapidity over ice which would not support his weight if he moved over it more slowly. This arises from the fact, that time is requisite for producing the fracture of the ice: as soon as the weight of the skater begins to act on any point, the ice, supported by the water, bends slowly under him; but if the skater's velocity is considerable, he has passed off from the spot which was loaded before the bending has reached the point which would cause the ice to break. 39. An effect not very different from this might take place if very great velocity were communicated to boats. Let us suppose a flatbottomed boat, whose bow forms an inclined plane with the bottom, at rest in still water. If we imagine some very great force suddenly to propel this boat, the inclination of the plane at the forepart would cause it to rise in the water; and if the force were excessive, it might even rise out of the water, and advance, by a series of leaps, like a piece of slate or an oyster shell, thrown as a 'duck and drake'. If the force were not sufficient to pull the boat out of the water, but were just enough to bring its bottom to the surface, it would be carried along with a kind of gliding motion with great rapidity; for at every point of its course it would require a certain time before, it could sink to its usual draft of water; but before that time had elapsed, it would have advanced to another point, and consequently have been raised by the reaction of the water on the inclined plane at its forepart. 40. The same fact, that bodies moving with great velocity have not time to exert the full effect of their weight, seems to explain a circumstance which appears to be very unaccountable. It sometimes happens that when foot-passengers are knocked down by carriages, the wheels pass over them with scarcely any injury, though, if the weight of the carriage had rested on their body, even for a few seconds, it would have crushed them to death. If the view above taken is correct, the injury in such circumstances will chiefly happen to that part of the body which is struck by the advancing wheel. 41. An operation in which rapidity is of essential importance is in bringing the produce of mines up to the surface. The shafts through which the produce is raised are sunk at a very great expense, and it is, of course, desirable to sink as few of them as possible. The matter to be extracted is therefore raised by steam-engines with considerable velocity, and without this many of our mines could not be worked with profit. 42. The effect of great velocity in modifying the form of a cohesive substance is beautifully shown in the process for making window glass, termed "flashing", which is one of the most striking operations in our domestic arts. A workman having dipped his iron tube into the glass pot, and loaded it with several pounds of the melted "metal", blows out a large globe, which is connected with his rod by a short thick hollow neck. Another workman now fixes to the globe immediately opposite to its neck, an iron rod, the extremity of which has been dipped in the melted glass; and when this is firmly attached, a few drops of water separate the neck of the globe from the iron tube. The rod with the globe attached to it is now held at the mouth of a glowing furnace: and by turning the rod the globe is made to revolve slowly, so as to be uniformly exposed to the heat: the first effect of this softening is to make the glass contract upon itself and to enlarge the opening of the neck. As the softening proceeds, the globe is turned more quickly on its axis, and when very soft and almost incandescent, it is removed from the fire, and the velocity of rotation being still continually increased, the opening enlarges from the effect of the centrifugal force, at first gradually, until at last the mouth suddenly expands or "flashes" out into one large circular sheet of red hot glass. The neck of the original globe, which is to become the outer part of the sheet, is left thick to admit of this expansion, and forms the edge of the circular plate of glass, which is called a "Table". The centre presents the appearance of a thick boss or prominence, called the "Bull's-eye", at the part by which it was attached to the iron rod. 43. The most frequent reason for employing contrivances for diminishing velocity, arises from the necessity of overcoming great resistances with small power. Systems of pulleys, the crane, and many other illustrations, might also be adduced here as examples; but they belong more appropriately to some of the other causes which we have assigned for the advantages of machinery. The common smoke-jack is an instrument in which the velocity communicated is too great for the purpose required, and it is transmitted through wheels which reduce it to a more moderate rate. 44. Telegraphs are machines for conveying information over extensive lines with great rapidity. They have generally been established for the purposes of transmitting information during war, but the increasing wants of man will probably soon render them subservient to more peaceful objects. A few years since the telegraph conveyed to Paris information of the discovery of a comet, by M. Gambart, at Marseilles: the message arrived during a sitting of the French Board of Longitude, and was sent in a note from the Minister of the Interior to Laplace, the President, who received it whilst the writer of these lines was sitting by his side. The object in this instance was, to give the earliest publicity to the fact, and to assure to M. Gambart the title of its first discoverer. At Liverpool a system of signals is established for the purposes of commerce, so that each merchant can communicate with his own vessel long before she arrives in the port. NOTES: 1. See Transactions of the Society of Arts, 1826. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Charles Babbage (2003). On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4238/pg4238.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Increase and Diminution of Velocity

In the tech world, velocity is often the go-to yardstick for measuring a development team's productivity. Velocity is an evaluation used in to gauge the amount of work a team can complete in a given time period, typically represented by story points or user stories completed in each iteration. In other words, it's all about how fast the team is cranking out code and pushing features. But, while speed is cool and all, it can lead to poor results and a heap of behind-the-scenes messes if not balanced right. Agile software development Although there are a lot of other measurements that, accompanying each other, make up a great system for tracking down progress, velocity remains one of the most popular and, therefore, one of the most misapplied. The Allure of Velocity… And Its Perils Speed often takes center stage. Teams pride themselves on how quickly they can bring a new feature to life or adapt to the latest market shift. This drive for velocity speaks to a desire to keep abreast of competitors, to keep users engaged, and to continuously innovate. The thought process is simple: the faster you move, the more you achieve, and the more value you deliver to your stakeholders, respectively. Let's break it down now. Going full-speed can sometimes mean missing out on something much more important — the ability to work with fewer to no burnouts, therefore with . Imagine building a super-tall building super-fast but with an unstable base. Over time, this can pile up a ton of tech mess — that's the hidden cost for those quick-fix solutions that will bite back later. Sure, lightning-fast delivery has its allure, but it's worth thinking about the headaches it can bring afterward. consistency Predictability: The Mighty Tool Predictability, as a measurement, refers to the consistency and reliability with which a team or system delivers results over a given time period. Rather than zooming in on velocity, teams ought to shift their focus toward enhancing predictability. There are several reasons for this: Setting clear expectations with stakeholders. A team that delivers varied results — 100 points one month, then a mere 10 points for the next two — can be a rollercoaster for stakeholders. The unsettled outputs leave stakeholders in a dilemma, unsure of what to expect next. Instead, a team that consistently delivers, say, 40 points month after month becomes the MVP — they become the reliable player in the game. And that’s what the business realm truly yearns for — . predictability The fewer the errors, the longer the game. While unpredictability might bring occasional bursts of brilliance, it's the steadiness of predictability that truly wins in the long run. Here’s a thing: the roadmap to predictability isn't universal. Each team has its own journey, for sure. Yet, there's a pattern to the top performers. Mature agile practices are the common thread among high-performing predictable teams. Whether they're immersed in Scrum, Kanban, or a blend of methodologies, these teams have pinned down the rhythm that aligns with their core, allowing space for both structured work and creative freedom. On the other hand, there’s an ever-lasting drive to enhance, to make every sprint or iteration outshine the previous one. Let’s consider a specific example. Atlassian’s Jira started as a simple bug and issue tracker but has grown to be one of the world's most popular project management tools, providing its services to a wide range of industries. There are, of course, a huge number of various factors that played a role in the company’s ascent, but predictability is hands-down one of the most important ones. With a history of consistent iterations (rolling out consistent and regular updates), a feedback loop, an expandable ecosystem, and a transparent roadmap Jira has secured its position in many organizations globally. The Balance: Velocity vs. Predictability Although my foremost aim in this article is to show why predictability trumps velocity, my duty is to mention that the best practice is always a good balance between these two. No doubt, when it comes to choosing the most fair measurement, predictability is something promising the longest game. But if you have the ability to build a multifaceted system of assessment, finding the way to calibrate both (or even more) measurements is the best way to go. Finding that golden middle ground requires a hybrid approach. This doesn't mean merely splitting the difference, but rather integrating both elements into the development lifecycle. Iterative development, for instance, can provide bursts of velocity during specific sprints, followed by periods where predictability and refinement take precedence. Recognizing the value of both speed and consistency, teams would have the ability to tailor their approach to specific projects and phases, making use of the strengths of each to produce a product that is both timely and reliable. To conclude, it is hard but truly important to keep in mind that the realm of software shouldn't feel like an endless burden. When already intricate engineering tasks are compounded by problematic and at times shallow metrics, the genuine essence of the work gets obscured, often escalating unnecessary tension. If you're at the helm of a tech team, it's pivotal to reflect on how you measure success and guide your crew. The best of all is to ask and keep checking on fellow developers that you aim to assess.

Why Predictability Trumps Velocity in Software Engineering

কেন অনুমানযোগ্যতা সফ্টওয়্যার ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিংয়ে বেগ ট্রাম্প করে

Warum Vorhersehbarkeit in der Softwareentwicklung wichtiger ist als Geschwindigkeit

Por qué la previsibilidad triunfa sobre la velocidad en la ingeniería de software

Pourquoi la prévisibilité l'emporte sur la vélocité dans le génie logiciel

सॉफ़्टवेयर इंजीनियरिंग में पूर्वानुमेयता वेग से अधिक क्यों प्रभावित होती है?

ソフトウェア エンジニアリングではなぜ予測可能性が速度よりも優先されるのか

소프트웨어 엔지니어링에서 예측 가능성이 속도보다 중요한 이유

Por que a previsibilidade supera a velocidade na engenharia de software

Почему предсказуемость превосходит скорость в разработке программного обеспечения

Yazılım Mühendisliğinde Tahmin Edilebilirlik Neden Hızı gölgede bırakıyor?

Tại sao khả năng dự đoán lại quan trọng hơn tốc độ trong công nghệ phần mềm

为什么软件工程中的可预测性胜过速度

The A B C of Relativity by Bertrand Russells, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . III. THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT III. THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT Most of the curious things in the theory of relativity are connected with the velocity of light. If the reader is to grasp the reasons for such a serious theoretical reconstruction, he must have some idea of the facts which made the old system break down. The fact that light is transmitted with a definite velocity was first established by astronomical observations. Jupiter’s moons are sometimes eclipsed by Jupiter, and it is easy to calculate the times when this ought to occur. It was found that when Jupiter was unusually near the earth an eclipse of one of his moons would be observed a few minutes earlier than was expected; and when Jupiter was unusually remote, a few minutes later than was expected. It was found that these deviations could all be accounted for by assuming that light has a certain velocity, so that what we observe to be happening in Jupiter really happened a little while ago—longer ago when Jupiter is distant than when it is near. Just the same velocity of light was found to account for similar facts in regard to other parts of the solar system. It was therefore accepted that light in vacuo always travels at a certain constant rate, almost exactly 300,000 kilometers a second. (A kilometer is about five-eighths of a mile.) When it became established that light consists of waves, this velocity was that of propagation of waves in the ether—at least they used to be in the ether, but now the ether has grown somewhat shadowy, though the waves remain. This same velocity is that of the waves used in wireless telegraphy (which are like light waves, only longer) and in X-rays (which are like light waves, only shorter). It is generally held nowadays to be the velocity with which gravitation is propagated, though Eddington considers this not yet certain. (It used to be thought that gravitation was propagated instantaneously, but this view is now abandoned.) So far, all is plain sailing. But as it became possible to make more accurate measurements, difficulties began to accumulate. The waves were supposed to be in the ether, and therefore their velocity ought to be relative to the ether. Now since the ether (if it exists) clearly offers no resistance to the motions of the heavenly bodies, it would seem natural to suppose that it does not share their motion. If the earth had to push a lot of ether before it, in the sort of way that a steamer pushes water before it, one would expect a resistance on the part of the ether analogous to that offered by the water to the steamer. Therefore the general view was that the ether could pass through bodies without difficulty, like air through a coarse sieve, only more so. If this were the case, then the earth in its orbit must have a velocity relative to the ether. If, at some point of its orbit, it happened to be moving exactly with the ether, it must at other points be moving through it all the faster. If you go for a circular walk on a windy day, you must be walking against the wind part of the way, whatever wind may be blowing; the principle in this case is the same. It follows that, if you choose two days six months apart, when the earth in its orbit is moving in exactly opposite directions, it must be moving against an ether wind on at least one of these days. Now if there is an ether wind, it is clear that, relatively to an observer on the earth, light signals will seem to travel faster with the wind than across it, and faster across it than against it. This is what Michelson and Morley set themselves to test by their famous experiment. They sent out light signals in two directions at right angles; each was reflected from a mirror, and came back to the place from which both had been sent out. Now anybody can verify, either by trial or by a little arithmetic, that it takes longer to row a given distance on a river upstream and then back again, than it takes to row the same distance across the stream and back again. Therefore, if there were an ether wind, one of the two light signals, which consist of waves in the ether, ought to have traveled to the mirror and back at a slower average rate than the other. Michelson and Morley tried the experiment, they tried it in various positions, they tried it again later. Their apparatus was quite accurate enough to have detected the expected difference of speed or even a much smaller difference, if it had existed, but not the smallest difference could be observed. The result was a surprise to them as to everybody else; but careful repetitions made doubt impossible. The experiment was first made as long ago as 1881, and was repeated with more elaboration in 1887. But it was many years before it could be rightly interpreted. The supposition that the earth carries the neighboring ether with it in its motion was found to be impossible, for a number of reasons. Consequently a logical deadlock seemed to have arisen, from which at first physicists sought to extricate themselves by very arbitrary hypotheses. The most important of these was that of Fitzgerald, developed by Lorentz, and known as the Fitzgerald contraction hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, when a body is in motion it becomes shortened in the direction of motion by a certain proportion depending upon its velocity. The amount of the contraction was to be just enough to account for the negative result of the Michelson-Morley experiment. The journey up stream and down again was to have been really a shorter journey than the one across the stream, and was to have been just so much shorter as would enable the slower light wave to traverse it in the same time. Of course the shortening could never be detected by measurement, because our measuring rods would share it. A foot rule placed in the line of the earth’s motion would be shorter than the same foot rule placed at right angles to the earth’s motion. This point of view resembles nothing so much as the White Knight’s “plan to dye my whiskers green, and always use so large a fan that they could not be seen.” The odd thing was that the plan worked well enough. Later on, when Einstein propounded his special theory of relativity (1905), it was found that the theory was in a certain sense correct, but only in a certain sense. That is to say, the supposed contraction is not a physical fact, but a result of certain conventions of measurement which, when once the right point of view has been found, are seen to be such as we are almost compelled to adopt. But I do not wish yet to set forth Einstein’s solution of the puzzle. For the present, it is the nature of the puzzle itself that I want to make clear. On the face of it, and apart from hypotheses ad hoc, the Michelson-Morley experiment (in conjunction with others) showed that, relatively to the earth, the velocity of light is the same in all directions, and that this is equally true at all times of the year, although the direction of the earth’s motion is always changing as it goes round the sun. Moreover, it appeared that this is not a peculiarity of the earth, but is true of all bodies: if a light signal is sent out from a body, that body will remain at the center of the waves as they travel outwards, no matter how it may be moving—at least, that will be the view of observers moving with the body. This was the plain and natural meaning of the experiments, and Einstein succeeded in inventing a theory which accepted it. But at first it was thought logically impossible to accept this plain and natural meaning. A few illustrations will make it clear how very odd the facts are. When a shell is fired, it moves faster than sound: the people at whom it is fired first see the flash, then (if they are lucky) see the shell go by, and last of all hear the report. It is clear that if you could put a scientific observer on the shell, he would never hear the report, as the shell would burst and kill him before the sound had overtaken him. But if sound worked on the same principles as light, our observer would hear everything just as if he were at rest. In that case, if a screen, suitable for producing echoes, were attached to the shell and traveling with it, say a hundred yards in front of it, our observer would hear the echo of the report from the screen after just the same interval of time as if he and the shell were at rest. This, of course, is an experiment which cannot be performed, but others which can be performed will show the difference. We might find some place on a railway where there is an echo from a place further along the railway—say a place where the railway goes into a tunnel—and when a train is traveling along the railway, let a man on the bank fire a gun. If the train is traveling towards the echo, the passengers will hear the echo sooner than the man on the bank; if it is traveling in the opposite direction, they will hear it later. But these are not quite the circumstances of the Michelson-Morley experiment. The mirrors in that experiment correspond to the echo, and the mirrors are moving with the earth, so that echo ought to move with the train. Let us suppose that the shot is fired from the guard’s van, and the echo comes from a screen on the engine. We will suppose the distance from the guard’s van to the engine to be the distance that sound can travel in a second (about one-fifth of a mile), and the speed of the train to be one-twelfth of the speed of sound (about sixty miles an hour). We now have an experiment which can be performed by the people in the train. If the train were at rest, the guard would hear the echo in two seconds; as it is, he will hear it in 2 and ²/₁₄₃ seconds. From this difference, if he knows the velocity of sound, he can calculate the velocity of the train, even if it is a foggy night so that he cannot see the banks. But if sound behaved like light, he would hear the echo in two seconds however fast the train might be traveling. Various other illustrations will help to show how extraordinary—from the point of view of tradition and common sense—are the facts about the velocity of light. Every one knows that if you are on an escalator you reach the top sooner if you walk up than if you stand still. But if the escalator moved with the velocity of light (which it does not do even in New York), you would reach the top at exactly the same moment whether you walked up or stood still. Again: if you are walking along a road at the rate of four miles an hour, and a motor-car passes you going in the same direction at the rate of forty miles an hour, if you and the motor-car both keep going the distance between you after an hour will be thirty-six miles. But if the motor-car met you, going in the opposite direction, the distance after an hour would be forty-four miles. Now if the motor-car were traveling with the velocity of light, it would make no difference whether it met or passed you: in either case, it would, after a second, be 186,000 miles from you. It would also be 186,000 miles from any other motor-car which happened to be passing or meeting you less rapidly at the previous second. This seems impossible: how can the car be at the same distance from a number of different points along the road? Let us take another illustration. When a fly touches the surface of a stagnant pool, it causes ripples which move outwards in widening circles. The center of the circle at any moment is the point of the pool touched by the fly. If the fly moves about over the surface of the pool, it does not remain at the center of the ripples. But if the ripples were waves of light, and the fly were a skilled physicist, it would find that it always remained at the center of the ripples, however it might move. Meanwhile a skilled physicist sitting beside the pool would judge, as in the case of ordinary ripples, that the center was not the fly, but the point of the pool touched by the fly. And if another fly had touched the water at the same spot at the same moment, it also would find that it remained at the center of the ripples, even if it separated itself widely from the first fly. This is exactly analogous to the Michelson-Morley experiment. The pool corresponds to the ether; the fly corresponds to the earth; the contact of the fly and the pool corresponds to the light signal which Messrs. Michelson and Morley send out; and the ripples correspond to the light waves. Such a state of affairs seems, at first sight, quite impossible. It is no wonder that, although the Michelson-Morley experiment was made in 1881, it was not rightly interpreted until 1905. Let us see what, exactly, we have been saying. Take the man walking along a road and passed by a motor-car. Suppose there are a number of people at the same point of the road, some walking, some in motor-cars; suppose they are going at varying rates, some in one direction and some in another. I say that if, at this moment, a light flash is sent out from the place where they all are, the light waves will be 186,000 miles from each ne of them after a second by his watch, although the travelers will not any longer be all in the same place. At the end of a second by your watch it will be 186,000 miles from you, and it will also be 186,000 miles from a person who met you when it was sent out, but was moving in the opposite direction, after a second by his watch—assuming both to be perfect watches. How can this be? There is only one way of explaining such facts, and that is, to assume that watches and clocks are affected by motion. I do not mean that they are affected in ways that could be remedied by greater accuracy in construction; I mean something much more fundamental. I mean that, if you say an hour has elapsed between two events, and if you base this assertion upon ideally careful measurements with ideally accurate chronometers, another equally precise person, who has been moving rapidly relatively to you, may judge that the time was more or less than an hour. You cannot say that one is right and the other wrong, any more than you could if one used a clock showing Greenwich time and another a clock showing New York time. How this comes about, I shall explain in the next chapter. There are other curious things about the velocity of light. One is, that no material body can ever travel as fast as light, however great may be the force to which it is exposed, and however long the force may act. An illustration may help to make this clear. At exhibitions one sometimes sees a series of moving platforms, going round and round in a circle. The outside one goes at four miles an hour; the next goes four miles an hour faster than the first; and so on. You can step across from each to the next; until you find yourself going at a tremendous pace. Now you might think that, if the first platform does four miles an hour, and the second does four miles an hour relatively to the first, then the second does eight miles an hour relatively to the ground. This is an error; it does a little less, though so little less that not even the most careful measurements could detect the difference. I want to make quite clear what it is that I mean. I will suppose that, in the morning, when the apparatus is just about to start, three men with ideally accurate chronometers stand in a row, one on the ground, one on the first platform, and one on the second. The first platform moves at the rate of four miles an hour with respect to the ground. Four miles an hour is 352 feet in a minute. The man on the ground, after a minute by his watch, notes the place on the ground opposite the man on the first platform, who has been standing still while the platform carried him along. The man on the ground measures the distance on the ground from himself to the point opposite the man on the first platform, and finds it is 352 feet. The man on the first platform, after a minute by his watch, notes the point on his platform opposite to the man on the second platform. The man on the first platform measures the distance from himself to the point opposite the man on the second platform; it is again 352 feet. Problem: how far will the man on the ground judge that the man on the second platform has traveled in a minute? That is to say, if the man on the ground, after a minute by his watch, notes the place on the ground opposite the man on the second platform, how far will this be from the man on the ground? You would say, twice 352 feet, that is to say, 704 feet. But in fact it will be a little less, though so little less as to be inappreciable. The discrepancy is owing to the fact that the two watches do not keep perfect time, in spite of the fact that each is [Pg 42]accurate from its owner’s point of view. If you had a long series of such moving platforms, each moving four miles an hour relatively to the one before it, you would never reach a point where the last was moving with the velocity of light relatively to the ground, not even if you had millions of them. The discrepancy, which is very small for small velocities, becomes greater as the velocity increases, and makes the velocity of light an unattainable limit. How all this happens, is the next topic with which we must deal. Note. The negative result of the Michelson-Morley experiment has recently been called in question by Professor Dayton C. Miller, as a result of observations by what is said to be an improved method. His claim is set forth by Professor Silberstein in Nature, May 23, 1925, and discussed unfavorably by Eddington in the issue of June 6. The matter is sub judice, but it seems highly questionable whether the results bear out the interpretation which is put upon them. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Bertrand Williams (2004). THE A B C OF RELATIVITY. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/67104/67104-h/67104-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

The Velocity of Light 

The Story-book of Science by Jean-Henri Fabre, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE VELOCITY OF SOUND CHAPTER XLII. THE VELOCITY OF SOUND “UNDER that big white cloud that you call cumulus,” said Emile, “there is at this very moment a storm. We have just seen the lightning and heard the thunder. Here, on the contrary, the sky is blue. So it does not rain everywhere at the same time. When rain is falling in one country, it is fine in others. And yet, when it rains here the whole sky is covered with clouds.” “You need only put your hand over your eyes to hide the sky,” his uncle explained. “A cloud much farther off, but also much larger, produces the same effect: it veils what is surrounding us and makes it all cloudy. But that is only in appearance; beyond the region covered by the cloud the sky may be serene and the weather magnificent. Under the cumulus where the thunder is growling now, it rains, you may be sure, and the sky looks black. To the people in that region the surroundings present only a rainy appearance, because they are wrapped in clouds; if they were to go elsewhere, beyond the clouds, they would find the sky as serene as we have it here.” “With a fast horse they could, then,” suggested Emile, “get from under the clouds, leave the rain, and come into fine weather; as also they could leave the sunshine and get into the rain under the clouds.” “Sometimes that would be possible, but more often not, because clouds can cover large areas. Besides, they travel, they go from one country to another, with such speed that the best horseman could not follow them in their course. You have all seen the shadow of the clouds run over the ground when the wind blows. Hills, valleys, plains, water-courses, all are crossed in less than no time. The shadow of a cloud passes over you at the moment you reach the top of a hill. Before you have taken three steps to descend into the valley, the shadow, with giant strides, is mounting the opposite slopes. Who could flatter himself that he could follow the cloud and keep under its cover? “If rain sometimes falls over great stretches of country, it is never general, absolutely. If it should rain at one time over a whole province, what is that compared with the earth? A clod compared with a large field. Chased by the wind, clouds run hither and thither in the vast spaces of the atmosphere. They travel, and on their way throw a shadow or precipitate rain. Where they pass there is rain; everywhere else, no. In the same place there can even be both rain and fine weather, according as one is below or above the clouds. You know that on a mountain-top the clouds are sometimes beneath one. The plain under the clouds may receive a hard shower, while on the summit the sun shines without a single drop of rain.” “All that is easily understood,” said Jules. “It is my turn now, Uncle, to ask you a question. From the storm-cloud that we see from here, there first came a flash of lightning; then, after waiting some time, the sound of the thunder was heard. Why do not the sound and the lightning come together?” “Two things tell us of the thunderbolt: light and noise. The light is the flash of the lightning, the noise is thunder. Likewise in the discharge of firearms there is the light produced by the ignition of the powder and the noise resulting therefrom. At the scene of the explosion light and noise are coincident; but for persons at a distance the light, which travels at an incomparably greater velocity, arrives before the sound, which moves more slowly. If you note the discharge of a gun a considerable distance away, you see first the flash and smoke of the explosion, and do not hear the report until some time after; the more distant the explosion, the longer the time. Light travels an immense distance in an exceedingly short time. The flash of the explosion, therefore, reaches the eye at the very instant of its occurrence. If the sound does not arrive until after, it is because it travels much less rapidly and, in order to cover a considerable distance, requires considerable time, which is easily measured. “Suppose ten seconds pass between the flash of a cannon’s discharge and the arrival of the sound. The distance is measured between the place where the explosion occurred and that where it was heard. It is found to be 3400 meters. Sound, therefore, moves through the air, in a single second, a distance of 340 meters. That is a good rate of speed, comparable with that of the cannon-ball, but nothing, after all, in comparison with the inconceivable velocity of light. “The unequal rapidity with which sound and light travel accounts for the following fact. From a distance a wood-cutter is seen chopping wood, or a mason cutting stone. We see the ax strike the wood, the mallet tap the stone, and some time after we hear the sound.” Bells Ringing “One Sunday before church,” interposed Jules, “I was watching from a distance the ringing of the bell. I saw the tongue strike and the sound did not come until later. Now I see the reason.” “If you count the number of seconds between the appearance of the flash and the instant the thunder begins to be heard, you can tell what distance you are from the storm-cloud.” “Is a second very long!” Emile asked. “It is about the length of one beat of the pulse. All we have to do, then, is to count, one, two, three, four, etc., without haste, but not too slowly, to have about the number of seconds. Note the instant the flash lights up the stormy cumulus, and count slowly until you hear the thunder.” With watchful eye and attentive ear all began the observation. Finally a flash was seen. They counted, the uncle beating time. One—two—three—four—five—At twelve came the thunder, but so faint that they could only just hear it. “It took twelve seconds for the sound of the thunder to reach us,” said Uncle Paul. “From what distance does it come, if sound travels 340 meters a second?” “You must multiply 340 by twelve,” replied Claire. “Well, Miss, do it.” Claire made the calculation. The result was 4080 meters. “The flash of lightning was 4080 meters away; we are more than a league from the storm-cloud,” said her uncle. “How easy that is!” exclaimed Emile. “You count one, two, three, four, and without moving you know how far away the thunderbolt has just fallen.” “The longer the time between the flash and the noise, the farther away is the cloud. When the report comes at the same time as the flash, the explosion is quite near. Jules knows that well since the day of the storm in the pine woods.” “I have heard that there is no longer any danger after the lightning is seen,” said Claire. “A thunderbolt is as rapid as light. An electric explosion is, therefore, ended as soon as the flash appears, and all danger is then passed; for the thunder, however loud it may be, can do no harm.” About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jean-Henri Fabre (2018). The Story-book of Science. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/56795/pg56795-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

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